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 Types of Waves
Section 11.1
 Waves
A disturbance that
transmits energy through
matter or space
 Waves
Most waves move
through matter called a
medium.
Ex. Waves traveling
through water.
 Types of Waves
1. Mechanical Waves
a wave that requires a medium
through which to travel
Most type of waves
Ex. Sound, seismic
 Types of Waves
2. Electromagnetic Waves
waves caused by the
disturbance in electric and
magnetic fields and that does
not require a medium.
(light radiation waves)
 What do Waves Do?
When waves travel through
media they are doing work
(energy transferred).
Ex. Sound traveling in your
ear causes vibrates
throughout your ear
 What do Waves Do?
Ex. Shock waves move
the earth during an
earthquake.
Ex. Tsunami waves move
anything in their path
Shock wave from breaking the
sound barrior.
 How a Wave Travels
As wave travels in air, the
waves spread out in spheres
the sphere will get bigger
and bigger as they move
farther away
 How a Wave Travels
Why is it more damaging to
your ears if you are
standing next to a speaker
rather than a 100 meters
away?
 How a Wave Travels
Each sphere carries the
same amount of energy
 But the energy is more
spread out of a greater
distance.
Speaker
Sound waves
 Vibrations and Waves
Most waves are caused by
a vibrating object, which
will then cause other
objects to vibrate
Vibrations will transfer
energy from PE to KE.
 Vibrations and Waves
simple harmonic motion--
vibration would continue forever
Damped harmonic motion
transfers the energy and the
vibration will fade out.
Ex. Shock absorbers on cars and
bikes.
 Wave Vibration Types
 1. Transverse Waves
-a wave that causes the particles of the
medium to vibrate perpendicular to
the direction of the wave.
 “The Wave” at a stadium is a good
illustration.
 Ex. Light waves
 Wave Vibration Types
2. Longitudinal Waves
-a wave that causes the particles of
the medium to vibrate parallel to
the direction of the wave.
they expand and compress.
Ex. Sound waves
 Wave Vibration Types
3. Surface Waves
-waves that are both
transverse or longitudinal.
-Circular motion
-ex. Ocean waves
 Wave Types
Mechanical waves:
-can be transverse,
longitudinal , or surface waves
Electromagnetic (light):
-waves will only be transverse.
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Characteristics of
Waves
11.2
 Wave Properties
all transverse waves have
similar shapes, no matter
the size of the wave.
The shape is called a
sine curve or sine wave.
Sine Wave
 Wave Parts
Crest
Highest point of a transverse
wave
Trough
lowest point of a transverse wave
 Wave Parts
Amplitude
-The vertical distance that
particles vibrate from their
normal position when a wave
passes
measures the intensity of wave.
-ex. Loudness, brightness
 Wave Parts
Wavelength
-The distance between any two
successive identical parts of a
wave
Represented by the symbol
lambda ()
Measured in a degree of meters
 Wave Diagram
Wavelength
Crest Amplitude

Wavelength
trough
 Wave Properties
1. Wavelength
-measures the size of the
wave
 Wave Properties
2. Amplitude
-measures the intensity
(strength) of the wave
 Wave Properties
3. Frequency
-the number of full wavelengths that
pass a point in a particular period
of time (rate)
-Represented by the symbol (ƒ)
-Measured in hertz (Hz) = beat/sec
-Your radio dials are in megahertz
 Wave Properties
4. Period (time)
-The time required for one full
wavelength to pass a certain point
-Represented by the symbol (T)
-Measured in seconds
 Low

Low

Wavelength

High High
Frequency, wavelength,
and Period
Wavelength and period will
increase when frequency
decreases.
λ ↓, T, ↓, then f ↑
 Frequency and Period

You can calculate

frequency and period from
each other
T=1/f or f=1/T
 Frequency and Sound
We hear sounds from the
range 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz
determines the pitch
Pitch and Loudness
 Frequency and Light
We see light from the range 4x1014
Hz red to 8x1014 Hz violet

Frequency determines the energy

and color

Red is the easiest to see, violet is

the hottest (most energetic)
 Wave Properties
5. Wave Speed
-the speed at which a wave
passes through a medium.
-Waves travel at different
speeds in different media
phases (s, l, g).
Mechanical Wave Speed
These waves travel fastest
in solids and the slowest in
gases
Why? (essay question)
sonic boom
 Light Wave Speed
all electromagnetic waves
travel at the same speed in
empty space. (3 x 10 m/s)
8

Light waves slow down as

they pass through media.
Wave Speed Equations
Speed=wavelength/period
v=/T
Can also use:
Speed=frequency x wavelength
v = f x 
 Examples
A piano string vibrates with
a frequency of 264 Hz. If
the waves have a
wavelength of 1.3 m, what
is the speed of sound in air?
 Examples
v=  f

speed= (1.30 m) (264 Hz)

speed = 343 m/s
 Examples
A string with a
wavelength of 1.30 m and
a period of 0.00379 s is
played. What is the
speed of the wave?
 Examples
V = /T
speed=1.30 m/0.00379 s
speed = 343 m/s
 Doppler Effect
an observed change in the
frequency of a wave when the
source or observer is moving
Object approaches with high
frequency but low wavelength, but
as it passes the frequency lowers
as the wavelength increases
Doppler effect
 Standing Waves
wave that appears not to
move along the medium.
two regions
 Standing Waves
Regions of no vibrations
(nodes)
Regions of maximum
vibration (antinodes)
 Wave
Interactions
11.3
 1. Reflection
The bouncing back of a
wave as it meets a
surface or boundary
 2. Diffraction
When waves pass through
an opening or by an edge
the bend around the edge
or expand as they pass
through the opening.
 3. Refraction
The bending of waves as
they pass from one medium
to another
 Refraction
Air to water is an example
Ex. Spoon seeming to bend
when placed in water
 4. Interference
The combination of two or
more waves that exist in the
same place at the same
time.
Once waves pass, they
return to original shape
 Interference
 Two types:
1. Constructive
2. destructive
Constructive Interference
The crests of wave line up
to combine their
amplitudes making the
wave larger.
Wave becomes bigger
Constructive Interference
The new wave is bigger
than the original when
waves combine
 Destructive Interference
When crest of one wave
meets the trough of another
wave
Forms a smaller wave than
the original
Interference of Light Waves
When light waves interfere
with each other, colorful
displays are produced.
Soap bubbles
Interference of Sound Waves
When two waves with
different frequencies
interfere with each other,
beats are produced