Principles of Reinforced Concrete/Pre-stressed Concrete

Analysis and Design of Compression

Members
E. B. Barbas
Analysis and Design of Columns

 Column
 is a straight member held in a vertical position to transmit and resist
gravity loads
 resists primarily compressive loads. Hence, often referred to as
compression member

Types of Reinforced Concrete Column

1. Tied Column 2. Spiral Column 3. Composite Column
Analysis and Design of Columns

Two broad categories of column:

1. Short Column 2. Long Column
A stocky column, the strength of which A slender column, the strength of
is dictated by the strength of materials which is governed by excessive lateral
and the geometry of the section deformation (buckling)
Analysis and Design of Columns

Short Tied Columns

Loading Cases
1. Pure axial load
A very seldom case, but not
entirely impossible to encounter
𝑃𝑛 Design Requirement
𝑃𝑠 1 𝑃 𝑃𝑠 2
𝑐

0.85 𝑓 𝑐 ′
ACI Specifications

Force Diagram

Elevation
𝑃𝑛
 Analysis and Design of Columns

Short Tied Columns

Loading Cases
2. Axial load + uniaxial bending 3. Axial load + biaxial bending
𝑃𝑛 𝑥
𝑃𝑛
𝑀𝑛 Common in
Common in 𝑦
exterior columns corner columns
where beams 𝑀 𝑛𝑦 where two
spanning on one 𝑀 𝑛𝑥 mutually
column side only perpendicular
are connected beams are
connected
beam beam
𝑥
beam
𝑦 beam

𝑀𝑛 column 𝑀 𝑛𝑥 𝑀 𝑛𝑦
𝑃𝑛 beam
𝑃𝑛
column
 C.L.
Analysis and Design of Columns
Section
𝑃𝑛
Short Tied Columns 𝑒
Axial load + uniaxial bending h
STATICS METHOD 𝜀𝑠
𝑐 𝑑′
Equilibrium conditions 𝜀 𝑠 ′ 0.003

𝑑
∅ 𝑃𝑛 ≥ 𝑃𝑢 Strain Diagram
/2
𝑃𝑛
𝑒

Strain compatibility
0.85 𝑓 𝑐 ′

𝑎
Elevation
𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑠
’
Force Diagram
Analysis and Design of Columns

Short Tied Columns

𝑎 𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
Axial load + uniaxial bending
Interaction Diagram = +

D
E

Plot of Mn vs. Pn at varied neutral axis location c

Analysis and Design of Columns

Short Tied Columns

Axial load + uniaxial bending
Interaction Diagram Summary of Notable Point / Regions

Point A : Failure at pure axial loading

A Point B : Cracking at zero tensile stress
Point C : Balanced failure – compression
B
controlled failure limit; simultaneous
tension steel yielding and concrete
crushing

D
E Point D : Tension-controlled failure limit
Point E : Failure at pure flexural loading
Plot of Mn vs. Pn at varied neutral axis location c
Analysis and Design of Columns

Short Tied Columns

Axial load + biaxial bending
Interaction diagram for
axial load + biaxial bending

o SAFE Load Pn, Mnx, and Mny plot

on the inside of the diagram
o CRITICAL Load Pn, Mnx, and
Mny plot on the surface of the
diagram
o Load Pn, Mnx, and Mny plotting
outside won’t exist
Analysis and Design of Columns

Short Tied Columns

Axial load + biaxial bending
BRESLER’S LOAD CONTOUR Interaction Equation
METHOD
 A representation of the (3-D) interaction
diagram plotted at constant Pn values.

Where:

𝛼 1=𝛼 2=𝛼
𝛼1,2=expon tsha depn o clumndienso ,amountad istrbuon fstelrinfocemnt,sre −strainchrateisc ofstelandco ret,amount fconret cover,andsizeoftransve tisor pial
Analysis and Design of Columns

Short Tied Columns

Axial load + biaxial bending
BRESLER’S RECIPROCAL LOAD METHOD
 Based on the geometry of alternative failure
Bresler’s Reciprocal
surface (1/Pn, ex, ey)
 Reliable only when 0.10
Equation

Where:
nominal axial load in biaxial
bending
nominal axial load in uniaxial
bending (ey=0)
nominal axial load in uniaxial
bending (ex=0)
nominal axial load for concentric
loading
Analysis and Design of Columns

Short Tied Columns

Problem 1. Design a smallest possible square tied column with the

following loading and material specifications: P D=700 kN, PL=300 kN,
fc’=28 MPa and fy=300 MPa. pursue
Analysis and Design of Columns

Short Tied Columns

Solution to Problem 1

Given: ’
R
P

1. Determine smallest column size

ACI requirement for special moment frame members that form
part of the seismic-force resisting system and that resist a
factored axial compressive force Pu under any load
combination exceeding Agfc′ /10.
21.6.1.1 — The shortest cross-sectional dimension, measured
on a straight line passing through the geometric centroid,
shall not be less than 300 mm.
“ we try 300mm x 300mm sectional dimensions.”
Analysis and Design of Columns

Short Tied Columns

Solution to Problem 1
1. Determine smallest column size
ACI requirement for special moment frame members that form
part of the seismic-force resisting system and that resist a
factored axial compressive force Pu under any load
combination exceeding Agfc′ /10.
21.6.1.1 — The shortest cross-sectional dimension, measured
on a straight line passing through the geometric centroid,
shall not be less than 300 mm.
“ we try 300mm x 300mm sectional dimensions.”
Analysis and Design of Columns

Short Tied Columns

Solution to Problem 1
2. Determine factored load

𝑃 𝑢 =1.2 (700,000 ) +1.6 ( 300,000 )=1,320,000 𝑁

3. Design the longitudinal reinforcement

Try 16mm bars

For equal distribution, we provide 8 pcs.

Thus, provide 300 mm square section with 8-16mm longitudinal bars

Analysis and Design of Columns

Short Tied Columns

Problem 2. Design a short rectangular column for the following

conditions: Pu=2,700 kN, Mu=170 kN-m, fc’=28 MPa and fy=420 MPa.
Analysis and Design of Columns

Short Tied Columns

Solution to Problem 2

Given: ’
R
P

1. Select a trial column section

o Column size approximation. Estimate column size by assuming a
uniform pressure of 0.70fc’ (though this is very rough, the
result will give us an idea of the possible column size).
Analysis and Design of Columns

Short Tied Columns

Solution to Problem 2
2. Select trial reinforcement arrangement Mu

Clear cover of main reinf.

64 272 64
Bar size

Bar count

Distribution: Equally distributed in the

8-28mm Pu
400

direction of eccentricity e

Dimensions are in millimeters

 64 272 64
Analysis and Design of Columns
Short Tied Columns
Solution to Problem 2 8-28mm Pu
400
3. Evaluate the strength of the trial design e
Strength requirement

𝜀𝑠
𝑐 𝑑′

𝑑 𝜀𝑠 ′ 0 .003
Steel Stresses
𝑃𝑛
𝑒

0.85 𝑓

𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑠 𝑎
’
 64 272 64
Analysis and Design of Columns

Short Tied Columns

Solution to Problem 2 8-28mm Pu
400
3. Evaluate the strength of the trial design e
Strength requirement

𝜀𝑠
𝑐 𝑑′

𝑑 𝜀𝑠 ′ 0 .003

𝑃𝑛
𝑒

0.85 𝑓

𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑠 𝑎
’
Analysis and Design of Columns

Short Tied Columns

Solution to Problem 2
3. Evaluate the strength of the trial design
simplify

For comparison:

; The section is compression controlled

Analysis and Design of Columns

Short Tied Columns

Solution to Problem 2

3. Evaluate the strength of the trial design

From (1)

Also;

Note:
If the strength requirements are not satisfied,
Checking adjust sectional configuration (e.i., column
size and bars) and recalculate.. Meaning,
redesign!
 Analysis and Design of Columns

Short Tied Columns

Solution to Problem 2
4. Check for Reinforcement Limits

ACI 10.9

Checking Final Design

64 272 64

8-28mm Pu
400
So,
e
(OK)
Hence, the selected section is GOOD. Provide 400mm
square column with 8-28mm dia. Longitudinal reinforcements
Analysis and Design of Columns

Short Tied Columns

Problem 3. Design a short rectangular column for the following

conditions: Pu=1,600 kN, Mux=170 kN-m, Muy=130 kN-m fc’=28 MPa
and fy=420 MPa.
Analysis and Design of Columns

Short Tied Columns

Solution to Problem 3

Given: ’
R
P

1. Select a trial column section

o Column size approximation. Estimate column size by assuming a
uniform pressure of 0.60fc’ (a 0.6 factor is selected since
the bending acts about both axes)
Analysis and Design of Columns

Short Tied Columns

Solution to Problem 3
2. Select trial reinforcement arrangement M uy
Clear cover of main reinf.
Bar size 63
63 274
Bar count
63

Distribution: ey

400
M ux 274
Equally distributed on all sides

Eccentricities ex
63

Dimensions are in millimeters

 M uy
Analysis and Design of Columns
63 274 63
Short Tied Columns
Solution to Problem 3 63
ey
3. Evaluate the strength of the trial design

400
274
Strength requirement M ux
ex
63
400
𝑐
𝜀𝑠 1
o For Po 𝑑′
𝜀𝑠 2 𝜀𝑠 1 ′
𝜀𝑠 2 ′ 0 .003
Assume
𝑑
𝑒𝑥 𝑃 𝑛𝑦𝑜

o For Pnyo (ey=0 ; ex=81.25 mm ) 0.85 𝑓 𝑐

𝐴𝑠 2 𝑓 𝑠 2
𝐴𝑠 1 𝑓 𝑠 1 𝑎
’ ’
 M uy
Analysis and Design of Columns

Short Tied Columns 63 274 63

Solution to Problem 3 63
3. Evaluate the strength of the trial design ey

400
M ux
Strength requirement 274
o For Pnyo (ey=0 ; ex= 81.25 mm )
ex
63
400 2 7 4/ 3 =
𝑐 91.33
𝜀𝑠 1
𝑑′
𝜀𝑠 2 𝜀𝑠 1 ′
𝜀𝑠 2 ′ 0 .003
𝑑
𝑒𝑥 𝑃 𝑛𝑦𝑜

0.85 𝑓 𝑐
𝐴𝑠 2 𝑓 𝑠 2
𝐴𝑠 1 𝑓 𝑠 1 𝑎
’ ’
 M uy
Analysis and Design of Columns

Short Tied Columns 63 274 63

Solution to Problem 3 63
ey

400
3. Evaluate the strength of the trial design M ux
274
Strength requirement
ex
o For Pnyo (ey=0 ; ex= 81.25 mm )
63
400 2 7 4/ 3 =
𝑐 91.33
𝜀𝑠 1
𝑑′
𝜀𝑠 2 𝜀𝑠 1 ′
𝜀𝑠 2 ′ 0 .003
𝑑
𝑒𝑥 𝑃 𝑛𝑦𝑜

0.85 𝑓 𝑐
𝐴𝑠 2 𝑓 𝑠 2
𝐴𝑠 1 𝑓 𝑠 1 𝑎
’ ’
 M uy
Analysis and Design of Columns

Short Tied Columns 63 274 63

Solution to Problem 3 63
ey

400
3. Evaluate the strength of the trial design M ux
274
Strength requirement
ex
o For Pnyo (ey=0 ; ex= 81.25 mm )
63
400 2 7 4/ 3 =
𝑐 91.33
𝜀𝑠 1
𝑑′
𝜀𝑠 2 𝜀𝑠 1 ′
𝜀𝑠 2 ′ 0 .003
𝑑
𝑒𝑥 𝑃 𝑛𝑦𝑜

0.85 𝑓 𝑐
𝐴𝑠 2 𝑓 𝑠 2
𝐴𝑠 1 𝑓 𝑠 1 𝑎
’ ’
 M uy
Analysis and Design of Columns

Short Tied Columns 63 274 63

Solution to Problem 3 63
3. Evaluate the strength of the trial design ey

400
M ux
274
Strength requirement
simplify o For Pnyo (ey=0 ; ex= 81.25 mm ) ex
63
400 2 7 4/ 3 =
𝑐 91.33
𝜀𝑠 1
𝑑′
𝜀𝑠 2 𝜀𝑠 1 ′
𝜀𝑠 2 ′ 0 .003
𝑑
𝑒𝑥 𝑃 𝑛𝑦𝑜

From
0.85 𝑓 𝑐
𝐴𝑠 2 𝑓 𝑠 2
𝐴𝑠 1 𝑓 𝑠 1 𝑎
’ ’
 Mux
Analysis and Design of Columns
63 274 63
Short Tied Columns
Solution to Problem 3 63
ex

400
3. Evaluate the strength of the trial design 274
Strength requirement Muy
o For Pnxo (ex=0 ; ey= mm )
ey
63
400 2 7 4/ 3 =
91.33
“ because the section is square and the longitudinal reinforcements are 𝜀𝑠 1
𝑐
distributed equally on all four sides, the expression for Pnxo will be similar 𝑑′
to that for Pnyo in (1)” 𝜀𝑠 2 𝜀𝑠 1 ′
𝜀𝑠 2 ′ 0 .003
Assume
𝑑
“ also, for the same reason, the expression for ey Pnxo will be similar to 𝑒𝑥 𝑃 𝑛𝑥𝑜
that for ex Pnyo , except for the value of eccentricity”

0.85 𝑓 𝑐
𝐴𝑠 2 𝑓 𝑠 2
𝐴𝑠 1 𝑓 𝑠 1 𝑎
’ ’
 Mux
Analysis and Design of Columns
63 274 63
Short Tied Columns
Solution to Problem 3 63
3. Evaluate the strength of the trial design ex

400
Strength requirement 274
o For Pnxo (ex=0 ; ey= mm ) Muy
ey
simplify 63
400 2 7 4/ 3 =
𝑐 91.33
𝜀𝑠 1
𝑑′
𝜀𝑠 2 𝜀𝑠 1 ′
𝜀𝑠 2 ′ 0 .003
Assume
𝑑
𝑒𝑥 𝑃 𝑛𝑥𝑜
From

0.85 𝑓 𝑐
𝐴𝑠 2 𝑓 𝑠 2
𝐴𝑠 1 𝑓 𝑠 1 𝑎
’ ’
Analysis and Design of Columns

Short Tied Columns

Solution to Problem 3
3. Evaluate the strength of the trial design
Strength requirement

Applicability Checking
Strength Checking
0.10
0.10 , Hence, the reciprocal
method is valid (OK) , Hence, the reciprocal
method is valid (OK)
 Analysis and Design of Columns

Short Tied Columns

Solution to Problem 3
4. Check for Reinforcement Limits
ACI 10.9

Final Design
Checking 63 274 63

So, 12-25mmbars

400
(OK)
Hence, the selected section is GOOD.
Provide 400mm square column with 12-25mm
dia. Longitudinal reinforcements
End of presentation
Thank you
 M uy
Analysis and Design of Columns
63 274 63
3. Evaluate the strength of the trial design 63
Strength requirement ey

400
274
M ux
ex
63
o For Po 400
𝑐
𝜀𝑠 1 𝑑′
𝜀𝑠 2 𝜀𝑠 1 ′
𝜀𝑠 2 ′ 0 .003
Assume
𝑑
𝑒𝑥 𝑃 𝑛𝑦𝑜
o For Pnyo (ey=0 ; ex=81.25 mm )

0.85 𝑓 𝑐
𝐴𝑠 2 𝑓 𝑠 2
𝐴𝑠 1 𝑓 𝑠 1 𝑎
’ ’
 M uy
Analysis and Design of Columns
63 274 63
3. Evaluate the strength of the trial design 63
Strength requirement ey

400
274
o For Pnyo (ey=0 ; ex= 81.25 mm )
M ux
ex
63
400 2 7 4/ 3 =
91.33
𝑐
𝜀𝑠 1 𝑑′
𝜀𝑠 2 𝜀𝑠 1 ′
𝜀𝑠 2 ′ 0 .003
𝑑
𝑒𝑥 𝑃 𝑛𝑦𝑜

0.85 𝑓 𝑐
𝐴𝑠 2 𝑓 𝑠 2
𝐴𝑠 1 𝑓 𝑠 1 𝑎
’ ’
 M uy
Analysis and Design of Columns
63 274 63
3. Evaluate the strength of the trial design 63
Strength requirement ey

400
o For Pnyo (ey=0 ; ex= 81.25 mm ) 274
M ux
ex
63
400 2 7 4/ 3 =
91.33
𝑐
𝜀𝑠 1 𝑑′
𝜀𝑠 2 𝜀𝑠 1 ′
𝜀𝑠 2 ′ 0 .003
𝑑
𝑒𝑥 𝑃 𝑛𝑦𝑜

0.85 𝑓 𝑐
𝐴𝑠 2 𝑓 𝑠 2
𝐴𝑠 1 𝑓 𝑠 1 𝑎
’ ’
 M uy
Analysis and Design of Columns
63 274 63
3. Evaluate the strength of the trial design 63
Strength requirement ey

400
M ux
274
o For Pnyo (ey=0 ; ex= 81.25 mm )
ex
63
400 2 7 4/ 3 =
𝑐 91.33
𝜀𝑠 1
𝑑′
𝜀𝑠 2 𝜀𝑠 1 ′
𝜀𝑠 2 ′ 0 .003
𝑑
𝑒𝑥 𝑃 𝑛𝑦𝑜

0.85 𝑓 𝑐
𝐴𝑠 2 𝑓 𝑠 2
𝐴𝑠 1 𝑓 𝑠 1 𝑎
’ ’
 M uy
Analysis and Design of Columns
63 274 63
3. Evaluate the strength of the trial design 63
Strength requirement ey

400
M ux
274
o For Pnyo (ey=0 ; ex= 81.25 mm )
ex
simplify
63
400 2 7 4/ 3 =
𝑐 91.33
𝜀𝑠 1
𝑑′
𝜀𝑠 2 𝜀𝑠 1 ′
𝜀𝑠 2 ′ 0 .003
𝑑
𝑒𝑥 𝑃 𝑛𝑦𝑜

0.85 𝑓 𝑐
𝐴𝑠 2 𝑓 𝑠 2
𝐴𝑠 1 𝑓 𝑠 1 𝑎
’ ’