ɉɫɭɩɪɠɟɣɲɠ ɬɥɛɺ ɰɣɫɮɫɞɣɺ

ɍɫɛɝɧɛɭɣɲɠɬɥɛɺ

ɰɣɫɮɫɞɣɺ Ɍɪɣɨɛɦɷɨɛɺ

ɰɣɫɮɫɞɣɺ Ɍɪɩɫɭɣɝɨɛɺ

ɧɠɟɣɱɣɨɛ ɒɠɦɹɬɭɨɩ-

ɦɣɱɠɝɛɺ ɰɣɫɮɫɞɣɺ

ɋɠɞɠɨɠɫɛɭɣɝɨɶɠ ɫ ɠ ɳ ɠɨ ɣ ɺ
Ɍɣɨɭɠɭɣɲɠ ɬɥɣɠ ɜ ɣ ɩ ɧ ɛɭɠɫ ɣ ɛɦɶ

Ⱦɫɛɨɮɦɶ Ɍɭɠɫɡɠɨɷ-ɜɦɩɥ
Ⱦɣɜɥɛɺ ɦɠɨɭɛ
Ⱦɠɦɷ Ň ɧɛɬɭɣɥɛ (ɪɛɬɭɛ )
Ɍɭɩɧɛɭɩɦɩɞɣɲɠɬɥɛɺ ɳɪɛɭɦɠɝɥɛ
(ɪɛɬɭɛ) ɂɛɴɣɭɨɛɺ ɧɠɧɜɫɛɨɛ
Ȼ ɉ ©%21(*5$)7ª

ɜɣɩɭɠɰɨɩɦɩɞɣɲɠ ɬɥɛɺ ɥ ɩ ɧ ɪ ɛ ɨ ɣ ɺ ,

ɢɛɨɣɧɛɹɴɛɺɬɺ ɣɬɬɦɠɟɩɝɛɨɣɺɧɣ ɣ

ɫ ɛ ɢ ɫ ɛ ɜ ɩ ɭ ɥ ɩ ɤ ɭɛɥɣɰ ɜ ɣ ɩ ɧ ɛ ɭ ɠɫɣ ɛ ɦ ɩ ɝ , ɥɛɥ

ɪ ɩ ɦ ɣ ɧ ɠɫ ɨ ɶ ɠ ɧ ɠɧ ɜɫɛ ɨ ɶ, ɥ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɨ ɶ ɠ ɣ

ɰɫɺɴɠɝɶɠ ɭɥɛɨɣ , ɝ ɬɩɝɫɠɧɠɨɨɶɰ

ɦ ɛ ɜ ɩ ɫ ɛ ɭ ɩ ɫ ɣ ɺ ɰ ɬ ɲɣɬɭɶɧɣ

ɪ ɩ ɧ ɠ ɴ ɠɨ ɣ ɺ ɧ ɣ ɥɦɛɬɬɛ ú 62 7 (&ODVV

10.000, ɥ ɩ ɭ ɩ ɫ ɶ ɠ ɫ ɛ ɬ ɪ ɩ ɦ ɩ ɡ ɠ ɨ ɶ ɝ

ɑ ɠɨ ɭ ɫ ɠ ɭɠɰɨɩɦɩɞɣɲɠ ɬɥɩɞɩ ɫɛɢɝɣɭɣɺ

ɘɞɠɤɬɥɩɞɩ ɮɨɣɝɠɫɬɣɭɠɭɛ

Ɋɫɩɟɮɥɱɣɣ 3RZHUERQH, ɫ ɛ ɢ ɫ ɛ ɜ ɩ ɭ ɛ ɨ ɶ ɟ ɦ ɺ

ɮ ɬ ɭ ɫ ɛ ɨ ɠɨ ɣ ɺ ɥɩɬɭɨɶɰ ɟɠɯɠɥɭɩɝ,

ɩɜɫɛɢɩɝɛɨɨɶɰ ɩ ɪ ɠɫ ɛ ɭ ɣ ɝ ɨ ɶ ɧ ɝɧɠɳɛɭɠɦɷɬɭɝɩɧ

ɣɦɣ ɝ ɫɠɢɮɦɷɭɛɭɠ ɭɫɛɝɧɛɭɣɲɠ ɬɥɩɞɩ

ɪ ɩ ɝ ɫ ɠ ɡ ɟ ɠɨ ɣ ɺ , ɛ ɭɛɥɡɠ ɟ ɦ ɺ ɮɝɠɦɣɲɠɨɣɺ

ɯ ɩ ɫ ɧ ɣ ɫ ɩ ɝ ɛ ɨ ɣ ɺ ɥ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɠɤ ɣɦɣ ɪ ɩ ɟ ɟ ɠ ɫ ɡ ɛ ɨ ɣ ɺ

ɫɛɢɝɣɭɣɺ ɨ ɩ ɝ ɩ ɤ ɥ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɨ ɩ ɤ ɭ ɥɛ ɨɣ ɝ

ɨɠɨɛɞɫɮɢɩɲɨɶɰ ɥɦɣɨɣɲɠɬɥɣɰ ɪɫɣɧɠɨɠɨɣɺɰ . Ƀɰ

ɧ ɩ ɡ ɨ ɩ ɬɧɠɳɣɝɛɭɷ ɬ ɥ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɨ ɶ ɧ ɧɩɢɞɩɧ, ɥɫɩɝɷ ɹ

ɣɦɣ ɟɫɮɞɣɧɣ ɥ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɨ ɶ ɧ ɣ ɭ ɫ ɛ ɨ ɬ ɪ ɦ ɛ ɨ ɭ ɛ ɭ ɛ ɧ ɣ ,

ɪ ɫ ɣ ɧ ɠɨ ɺ ɠ ɧ ɶ ɧ ɣ ɝ
1
ɥɦɣɨɣɲɠ ɬɥɩɤ ɪ ɫɛɥɭɣɥɠ
ɉ ɜ ɴ ɣ ɠ ɩ ɬ ɩ ɜ ɠ ɨ ɨ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɣ ɥɩɬɭɨɶɰ ɭ ɫ ɛ ɨ ɬ ɪ ɦ ɛ ɨ ɭ ɛ ɭ ɩ ɝ

• 100 % ɬɣɨɭɠɭɣɲɠ ɬɥɣɠ

Ɉ ɠ ɬ ɩ ɟ ɠ ɫ ɡ ɛ ɭ ɲɠɦɩɝɠɲɠɬɥɣɰ ɣɦɣ ɡɣɝɩɭɨɶɰ ɋɋɕɅɄȺ

ɭɥɛɨɠɤ. Ɋ ɩɸɭ ɩɧɮ ɨ ɠ ɨ ɠ ɬ ɮ ɭ ɫ ɣ ɬ ɥ ɛ ɪ ɠɫ ɠ ɟ ɛ ɲ ɣ

~49:+49/:? (&5;4:)
ɢɛɜɩɦɠɝɛɨɣɤ.
• ɉɬɭɠɩɥɩɨɟɮɥɭɣɝɨɶɠ
Ɍ ɪ ɩ ɬ ɩ ɜ ɬ ɭ ɝ ɮ ɹ ɭ ɩ ɜ ɫ ɛ ɢ ɩ ɝ ɛ ɨ ɣ ɹ ɨɩɝɶɰ ɥɩɬ ɭ ɠɤ.
Ƚ ɶ ɪ ɩ ɦ ɨ ɺ ɹ ɭ ɯɮɨɥɱɣɹ ɩ ɜ ɩ ɦ ɩ ɲ ɥ ɣ ɟ ɦ ɺ ɥɦɠɭɩɥ,
ɩɜɫɛɢɮɹɴɣɰ ɨɩɝɶɠ ɥ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɨ ɶ ɠ ɭɥɛɨɣ. Ƀ ɧ ɠ ɹ ɭ ɬɭɫɮɥɭɮɫɮ,
ɪ ɩ ɟ ɩ ɜ ɨ ɮ ɹ ɠ ɬ ɭ ɠ ɬ ɭ ɝ ɠɨ ɨ ɶɧ ɧɣɨɠɫɛ ɦɛ ɧ , ɬ ɩ ɟ ɠ ɫ ɡ ɛ ɴ ɣ ɧ ɬ ɺ
ɝ ɥɩɬɭɺɰ .
• ȼɣɩɫɛɢɦɛɞɛɠɧɶɠ
Ɋɫɩɟɮɥɱɣɣ 3RZHUERQH F ɩ ɪ ɭ ɣ ɧ ɣ ɢ ɣ ɫ ɩ ɝ ɛ ɨ ɨ ɩ ɤ ɪ ɩ ɫ ɣ ɬ ɭ ɩ ɤ
ɬ ɭ ɫ ɮ ɥ ɭ ɮ ɫ ɩ ɤ ɣ ɰɣɧɣɲɠɬɥɣɧ ɬ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɛ ɝ ɩ ɧ ɪ ɩ ɟ ɟ ɠ ɫ ɡ ɣ ɝ ɛ ɹ ɭ ɱɣɥɦ
Ɋ ɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɹ ( ; 5 ' )
ɫɠɞɠɨɠɫɛɱɣɣ ɢɟɩɫɩɝɶɰ ɥɩɬ ɭ ɠɤ. Ƚ ɪ ɫ ɩ ɱ ɠ ɬ ɬ ɠ
ɝ ɩ ɬ ɬ ɭ ɛ ɨ ɩ ɝ ɦ ɠɨ ɣ ɺ -ɭɫɣɥɛɦɷɱɣɤɯɩɬɯɛɭ ɫ ɛ ɬ ɬ ɛ ɬ ɶ ɝ ɛ ɠ ɭ ɬ ɺ ɉɱɠɨɥɛ ɯɛɢ, ɪ ɣ ɥ ɩ ɝ ɩ ɠ ɢɨɛɲɠɨɣɠ ɥɩɭɩɫɶɰ ɬ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɛ ɝ ɦ ɺ ɠ ɭ
ɣ ɬ ɪ ɩ ɬ ɩ ɜ ɬ ɭ ɝ ɮ ɠ ɭ ɩ ɜ ɫ ɛ ɢ ɩ ɝ ɛ ɨ ɣ ɹ ɥɩɬ ɭ ɠɤ. 20, ɩ ɪ ɫ ɠ ɟ ɠ ɦ ɠ ɨ ɛ ɪ ɮɭɠɧ ɬ ɩ ɪ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɛ ɝ ɦ ɠɨ ɣ ɺ ɬ ɜɛɢɩɤ ɟɛɨɨɶɰ
• ȼɠɢɩɪɛɬɨɶ
-&3'6 ( ɉ ɜ ɵ ɠ ɟ ɣ ɨ ɻ ɨ ɨ ɶ ɤ ɥ ɩ ɧɣ ɭ ɠ ɭ ɪ ɩ ɫ ɩ ɳ ɥ ɩ ɝ ɶ ɰ
3RZHUERQH ɝ ɶ ɪ ɮ ɬ ɥ ɛ ɹ ɭ ɬ ɺ ɝ ɬ ɭ ɠɫ ɣ ɦ ɷ ɨ ɩ ɧ ɝɣɟɠ ɣ ɝ
ɟɣɯɫɛɥɱɣɩɨɨɶɰ ɬ ɭ ɛ ɨ ɟ ɛ ɫ ɭ ɩ ɝ ) . Ɋ ɫ ɣ ɛɨɛɦɣɢɠ ɟɛɨɨɶɰ
ɬ ɩ ɩ ɭ ɝ ɠ ɭ ɬ ɭ ɝ ɣ ɣ ɬ ȿɣɫɠɥɭɣɝɩɤ 93/42/$7 ɨ ɛ ɧɠɟɣɱɣɬɥɣɠ
; 5 ' (ɫɠɨɭɞɠɨɩɝɬɥɛɺ ɟɣɯɫɛɥɱɣɺ) ɪ ɫɩɟɮɥɱɣɣ ɧɛɫɥɣ
ɮ ɬ ɭ ɫ ɩ ɤ ɬ ɭ ɝ ɛ ɪ ɫ ɣ ɨ ɛ ɟ ɦ ɠ ɡ ɛ ɭ ɥɦɛɬɬɮ ,,, ɣ ɣ ɧ ɠ ɹ ɭ
ɧɛɫɥɣɫɩɝɥɮ &( . 3RZHUERQH ɬ ɩ ɝ ɪ ɛ ɟ ɛ ɹ ɭ ɬ ɝɣɭɦɩɥɣɭɩɧ ( ɨ ɩ ɧ ɠ ɫ ɥɛɫɭɶ
• ȼ ɣ ɩ ɬ ɩ ɝ ɧ ɠ ɬ ɭ ɣ ɧ ɶ ɠ ɣ ɬɭɠɫɣɦɷɨɶɠ -&3'6 090169), ɮɫɩɝɠɨɷ ɧɛɥɬɣɧɛɦɷɨɩɞɩ ɪɣɥɛ
Ɋɫɩɟɮɥɱɣɣ 3RZHUERQH ɪ ɫ ɩ ɰ ɩ ɟ ɣ ɦ ɣ ɬ ɦ ɠ ɟ ɮ ɹ ɴ ɣ ɠ ɥ ɩ ɭ ɩ ɫ ɩ ɞ ɩ ɬ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɛ ɝ ɦ ɺ ɠ ɭ 22,77 (214), 31, 03 (2010), 34, 37
ɭɠ ɬɭɣɫɩɝɛɨɣɺ: (220). (1-2). Ɋɫɩɯɣɦɷ ; 5 ' ǃ - ɍ Ʌ ɏ ɧɛɫɥɣ 3RZHERQH ɝ
- ȿɩɥɦɣɨɣɲɠ ɬɥɣɠ ɣ ɬ ɬ ɦ ɠ ɟ ɩ ɝ ɛ ɨ ɣ ɺ ɜɠɭɛ-ɯɛɢɠ - • 98 % ɜɶɦ ɬ ɩ ɪ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɛ ɝ ɦ ɠ ɨ ɬ ɭ ɩ ɝ ɛ ɫ ɨ ɩ ɤ
- ɍ ɠ ɬ ɭ ɨ ɛ ɜ ɣ ɩ ɬ ɩ ɝ ɧ ɠ ɬ ɭ ɣ ɧ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɷ (LQ YLWUR ɣ LQ YLYR)
- Ƀɬ ɪ ɶɭ ɛ ɨɣ ɺ ɨ ɛ ɜɣɩɟɠɞɫɛɟɛɱɣɹ
- ɍɠ ɬ ɭ ɶ ɨ ɛ ɩ ɪ ɫ ɠ ɟ ɠ ɦ ɠɨ ɣ ɠ ɜɣɩɨɛɞɫɮɢɥɣ ɣ
(1) *RSDO 5, &DOYR & (1972) 6WUXFWXUDO 5HODWLRQVKLS
ɬɭɠɫɣɦɷ ɨɩɬɭɷ. &D3(304)2.RI1D
:KW
LWO3K\V
RFNLWH6FL 237: 30-
• ɋ ɠɨ ɭ ɞ ɠɨ ɩ ɥ ɩ ɨ ɭ ɫ ɛ ɬ ɭ ɨ ɶ 32
(2) )URQGHO &. (1943) 0LQHUDORJ\ RI WKH FDOFLXP SKRVSKDWHV LQVXODU
- Ƚ ɩ ɢ ɧ ɩ ɡ ɨ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɷ ɩ ɜ ɬ ɦ ɠ ɟ ɩ ɝ ɛ ɨ ɣ ɺ ɨ ɛ Ʌɍ ɣ SKRVSKDWH URFN. $ P 0LQHUDO 28: 215-23.

ɫɠɨ ɭ ɞɠɨ ɩ ɞɫɛ ɯ ɣ ɣ .

• Ȼɨɭɣɜɛɥɭɠɫɣɛɦɷɨɶɠ
•ɋɛɢɦɣɲɨɶɠ ɛɦɷɭɠɫɨɛɭɣɝɨɶɠ ɫ ɠ ɳ ɠɨ ɣ ɺ
Ɋɫɩɟɮɥɱɣɣ ɪ ɫ ɩ ɣ ɢ ɝ ɩ ɟ ɺ ɭ ɬ ɺ ɝ ɫɛɢɦɣɲɨɶɰ ɫɛɢɧɠɫɛɰ ɣ
ɯɩɫɧɛɰ: ɝ ɝɣɟɠ ɞɫɛɨɮɦ, ɬ ɭ ɠɫ ɡ ɨ ɠ ɤ , ɜɦɩɥɩɝ, ɪ ɛ ɬ ɭ ɶ (ɧɛɢɣ)
ɣ ɞɠɦɠɤ.

Ƀɨɥɮɜɛɱɣɺ ɪ ɫ ɩ ɟ ɮ ɥ ɭ ɛ 3RZHUERQH ɝ ɝɣɟɠ ɬ ɭ ɠ ɫ ɡ ɨ ɺ ɝ ɥ ɫ ɛ ɬ ɨ ɩ ɤ ɥɫɛɬɥɠ. Ɍɨɣɧɥɣ ɜɶɦɣ ɬ ɨ ɺ ɭ ɶ ɥɛɡɟɶɠ 5

ɬ ɠɥɮɨɟ. Ɍ ɪ ɮ ɬ ɭ ɺ 20 ɬ ɠɥ ɮɨ ɟ ɝɬɠ ɬ ɭ ɠ ɫ ɡ ɨ ɣ ɪ ɩ ɦ ɨ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɷ ɹ ɪ ɩɥɫɶɦɣɬɷ ɥ ɫɛ ɬ ɥɩ ɤ .

2
Ɋ ɫ ɩ ɟ ɮ ɥ ɭ ɶ 3RZHUERQH ɝ ɝɣɟɠ ɞɫɛɨɮɦ, ɬ ɭ ɠ ɫ ɡ ɨ ɠ ɤ ɣ ɜɦɩɥɩɝ.
Ƚ ɪɫɩɟɮɥɱɣɺɰ 3RZHUERQH ɝ ɝɣɟɠ ɞɫɛɨɮɦ, ɬ ɭ ɠɫ ɡ ɨ ɠ ɤ ɣ
ɜɦɩɥɩɝ ɣ ɧ ɠ ɹ ɭ ɬ ɺ ɧ ɣ ɥ ɫ ɩ / ɧ ɛ ɥ ɫ ɩ ɪ ɩ ɫ ɣ ɬ ɭ ɶ ɠ ɬɭɫɮɥɭɮɫɶ.
Ƚɢɛɣɧɩɬɝɺɢɷ ɪ ɩ ɫ ɣ ɬ ɭ ɩ ɤ ɬ ɭ ɫɮɥɭ ɮɫɶ ɣ ɧ ɣ ɥ ɫ ɩ ɪ ɩ ɫ ɣ ɬ ɭ ɛ ɺ
ɬ ɭ ɫ ɮ ɥ ɭ ɮ ɫ ɛ ɬ ɪ ɩ ɬ ɩ ɜ ɬ ɭ ɝ ɮ ɹ ɭ ɟ ɝ ɣ ɡ ɠɨ ɣ ɹ ɥɫɩɝɣ ɣ ɡ ɣ ɟ ɥ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɣ
ɩ ɫɞɛ ɨ ɣ ɢ ɧ ɛ ɪ ɩ ɥɛɪɣɦɦɺɫɛɧ, ɪ ɩ ɝ ɶ ɳ ɠ ɨ ɣ ɹ ɪ ɫ ɩ ɨ ɣ ɥ ɨ ɩ ɝ ɠ ɨ ɣ ɺ
ɩɬɭɠɩɞɠɨɨɶɰ ɥɦɠɭɩɥ ɣ ɩ ɬ ɬ ɣ ɯ ɣ ɥɛ ɱɣ ɹ ɬ ɣ ɨ ɭ ɠ ɭ ɣ ɲɠ ɬ ɥ ɩ ɤ
ɧɛɭɫɣɱɶ. ɇ ɛ ɥ ɫ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɫ ɮ ɥ ɭ ɮ ɫ ɶ ɝ ɞɫɛɨɮɦɛɰ, ɬ ɭ ɠɫ ɡ ɨ ɺ ɰ ɣ ɜɦɩɥɛɰ Ƚ ɨ ɮɭ ɫɣ ɧɶɳɠ ɲɨ ɛ ɺ ɣɧɪɦɛɨɭɛɱɣɺ
ɩ ɜ ɠ ɬ ɪ ɠ ɲ ɣ ɝ ɛ ɹ ɭ ɞɦɮɜɩɥɩɠ ɪ ɫ ɩ ɨ ɣ ɥ ɨ ɩ ɝ ɠ ɨ ɣ ɠ ɥɩɬɭɨɶɰ ɥɦɠɭɩɥ ɝ ɞɫɛɨɮɦɶ (&UXQFK) 3RZHUERQH ɣ
ɧɛɭɫɣɱɮ. Ɋɩɦɣɞɩɨɛɦɷɨɶɠ ɞɫɛɨɮɦɶ 3RZHUERQH ɣ ɧ ɠ ɹ ɭ ɩ ɜ ɫ ɛ ɢ ɩ ɝ ɛ ɨ ɣ ɠ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɠ ɩ ɣ ɟ ɩ ɝ ɲɠɫɠɢ 2
ɫɛɢɦɣɲɨɶɠ ɫɛɢɧɠɫɶ ɲɛɬɭɣɱ ɩ ɭ 0,25 ɧ ɧ ɟ ɩ 7 ɧɧ. Ⱦɫɛɨɮɦɶ ɧɠɬɺɱɛ ( ɉ ɬ ɭ ɠ ɩ ɣ ɨ ɟ ɮ ɥ ɭ ɣ ɝ ɨ ɛ ɺ
ɰɛɫɛɥɭɠɫɣɬɭɣɥɛ)

ɇɣɥɫɩ-Ʌɍ ɣɢɩɜɫɛɡɠɨɣɺ

Ɋ ɫ ɣ ɛɨɛɦɣɢɠ ɬ ɨ ɣ ɧ ɥ ɩ ɝ ɝ ɣ ɟ ɨ ɩ , ɲ ɭ ɩ ɩɜɫɛɢɠɱ ɣɧɠɠɭ

ɪ ɩ ɫ ɣ ɬ ɭ ɮ ɹ ɬɭɫɮɥɭɮɫɮ ɣ ɟ ɛ ɨ ɨ ɛ ɺ ɬ ɭ ɫ ɮ ɥ ɭ ɮ ɫ ɛ
ɫ ɛ ɬ ɪ ɫ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɫ ɛ ɨ ɠ ɨ ɛ ɪ ɩ ɝɬɠɧɮ ɧɛɭɠɫɣɛɦɮ. ɍɛɥɡɠ ɨ ɛ
ɬɨɣɧɥɛɰ ɲɠɭɥɩ ɝ ɣ ɟ ɨ ɩ , ɲ ɭ ɩ ɫ ɺ ɟ ɩ ɧ ɬ ɜɩɦɷɳɣɧɣ ɪ ɩ ɫ ɛ ɧ ɣ
ɫ ɛ ɬ ɪ ɩ ɦ ɩ ɡ ɠ ɨ ɶ ɩ ɭ ɨ ɩ ɬ ɣ ɭ ɠ ɦ ɷ ɨ ɩ ɨɠɜɩɦɷɳɣɠ ɪ ɩ ɫ ɣ ɬ ɭ ɶ ɠ
ɬɭɫɮɥɭɮɫɶ, ɝɢɛɣɧɩɬɝɺɢɛɨɨɶɠ ɟɫɮɞ ɬ ɟ ɫ ɮ ɞ ɩ ɧ . Ƀɢ
ɣ ɬ ɬ ɦ ɠ ɟ ɩ ɝ ɛ ɨ ɣ ɤ , ɮɥɛɢɛɨɨɶɰ ɝ ɣɬɭɩɲɨɣɥɛɰ, ɣɢɝɠ ɬɭɨɩ,
ɲ ɭ ɩ ɪ ɩ ɫ ɣ ɬ ɭ ɛ ɺ ɬ ɭ ɫ ɮ ɥ ɭ ɮ ɫ ɛ ɣ ɝɢɛɣɧɩɬɝɺɢɷ ɥɦɠɭɩɥ
ɪ ɩ ɝ ɶ ɳ ɛ ɹ ɭ ɛɟɞɠɢɣɹ ɣ ɫɛɢɝɣɭɣɠ ɥɦɠɭɩɥ (1-3).

(1)%03-iQGXFHG RVWHRJHQHViV RQ WKH VXUIDFH RI K\GUR[\DSDWiWH ZiWK JHRPHWUiFDOO\ IHDViEOH

DQG QRQIHDViEOH VWUXFWXUHV: WRSRORJ\ RI RVWHRJHQHViV J %iRPHG 0DWHU 5HV, 39 (2) (1998),
SS. 190-199.

(2)6.). +XOEHUW, ).$. <RXQJ, 5.6. 0DWKHZV, J . J . KODZiWWH, &.D. 7DOEHUW, ).+. 6WHOOiQJ SRWHQWiDO
RI FHUDPiF PDWHUiDOV DV SHUPDQHQWO\ iPSODQWDEOH VNHOHWDO SURVWKHVHV J %iRPHG 0DWHU
5HV, 4(3) 1970, SS. 433-456

(3)$.,. W
, DOD, +. 2 . <ODQHQ, &. (NKROP, K.+. KDUOVVRQ, +.7. $UR 3RUH GiDPHWHU RI PRUH WKDQ
100 PiFURQ iVQR UHTXiViWH IRU ERQH iQJURZWK iQ UDEEiWV J %iRPHG 0DWHU 5HV, 58 (6)
(2001), SS. 679-683.

Ƀɢɩɜɫɛɡɠɨɣɺ 6 ( 0

3
Ⱦɣɜɥɛɺ ɦ ɠɨɭɛ 3RZHUERQH
Ⱦɣɜɥɛɺ ɦɠɨɭɛ 3RZHUERQH ² ɜɣɩɫɛɢɦɛɞɛɠɧɶɤ ɬɣɨɭɠɭɣɲɠ ɬɥɣɤ ɥ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɨ ɶ ɤ
ɭ ɫ ɛ ɨ ɬ ɪ ɦ ɛ ɨ ɭ ɛ ɭ , ɢɛ ɬɲɠɭ ɝɶɬɩɥɩɤ ɸ ɦ ɛ ɬ ɭ ɣ ɲɨ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɣ ɮ ɟ ɩ ɜ ɨ ɶ ɤ ɟ ɦ ɺ ɪ ɫ ɣ ɧ ɠɨ ɠɨ ɣ ɺ ɝ
ɪ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɠɫ ɩ ɦ ɛ ɭ ɠɫ ɛ ɦ ɷ ɨ ɩ ɧ ɬ ɪ ɩ ɨ ɟ ɣ ɦ ɩ ɟ ɠ ɢ ɠ ɣ ɟɠɯɠɥɭɛɰ ɥ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɠɤ ɝɠɫɰɨɣɰ ɣ ɨɣɡɨɣɰ
ɥɩɨɠɲɨɩɬɭɠɤ.

Ⱦɣɜɥɛɺ ɦɠɨɭɛ 3RZHUERQH ɬ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɩ ɣ ɭ ɣɢ -ɭɫɣɥɛɦɷɱɣɤɯɩɬɯɛɭɛ, ɬ ɩ ɟ ɠ ɫ ɡ ɛ ɴ ɠ ɞ ɩ

ɬɣɦɣɥɛɭɶ ɣ Fɣɨɭɠɭɣɲɠ ɬɥɩɞɩ ɪ ɩ ɦ ɣ ɧ ɠɫ ɛ ɨ ɛ ɩ ɬ ɨ ɩ ɝ ɠ 3/$.

Ⱦɣɜɥɛɺ ɦɠɨɭɛ 3RZHUERQH

Ƀɧɪɦɛɨɭɛɱɣɺ ɞɣɜɥɩɤ ɦɠɨɭɶ 3RZHUERQH

• Ⱦɣɜɥɛɺ ɦɠɨɭɛ 3RZHUERQH ɮɬɭɛɨɛɝɦɣɝɛɠɭɬɺ ɝ ɢ ɩ ɨ ɮ ɩɪ ɠɫɛ ɱɣɣ ɨ ɛ ɪ ɫ ɺ ɧ ɮ ɹ , ɬ

ɪ ɩ ɧ ɩ ɴ ɷ ɹ ɛ ɬ ɪ ɣ ɫ ɛ ɭ ɛ ɥ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɨ ɩ ɞ ɩ ɧɩɢɞɛ ɣɦɣ ɪ ɮɭɠɧ ɪ ɠɫɠɧɠɳɣ ɝɛ ɨɣ ɺ ɬ ɥɫɩɝɷ ɹ.

• Ɋ ɫ ɣ ɬɧɛɲɣɝɛɨɣɣ ɥɫɩɝɷ ɹ ɸɦɛɬɭɣɲɨɩɬɭɷ ɞɣɜɥɩɤ ɦɠɨɭɶ 3RZHUERQH

ɢɨɛɲɣɭɠɦɷɨɩ ɪ ɩ ɝ ɶ ɳ ɛ ɠ ɭ ɬ ɺ .

• Ⱦɣɜɥɮɹ ɦɠɨɭɮ 3RZHUERQH ɨ ɠ ɩ ɜ ɰ ɩ ɟ ɣ ɧ ɩ ɣ ɧɪ ɦ ɛ ɨ ɭ ɣ ɫɩ ɝ ɛ ɭ ɷ ɬɫɛɢɮ ɪ ɩ ɬ ɦ ɠ

ɬɭɛɜɣɦɣɢɛɱɣɣ ɝɬɠɰ ɧɠɭɛɦɦɣɲɠɬɥɣɰ ɣ ɧ ɪ ɦ ɛ ɨ ɭ ɛ ɭ ɩ ɝ ɟ ɩ ɢɛɥɫɶɭɣɺ ɩ ɜ ɦ ɛ ɬ ɭ ɣ
ɩɪ ɠɫɛɱɣɣ.

• Ⱦɣɜɥɮɹ ɦɠɨɭɮ 3RZHUERQH ɧ ɩ ɡ ɨ ɩ ɫɛɢɫɠɢɛɭɷ ɣ ɝɬɭɛɝɣɭɷ ɝ ɬ ɪ ɣ ɨ ɛ ɦ ɷ ɨ ɮ ɹ

ɥɦɠɭɥɮ.

ɇɣɥɫɩ-Ʌɍ
ɣ ɢ ɩ ɜ ɫ ɛ ɡ ɠɨ ɣ ɠ ɞɣɜɥɩɤ
ɦɠɨɭɶ 3RZHUERQH

ɢ ɩ ɜ ɫ ɛ ɡ ɠɨ ɣ ɺ 6 ( 0 ( Ɍɥ ɛ ɨ ɣ ɫɮɹ ɴɣ ɤ ɸɦɠɥɭɫɩɨɨɶɤ ɧ ɣ ɥ ɫ ɩ ɬ ɥ ɩ ɪ )

4
ɓ ɪɛ ɭɦ ɠ ɝ ɥɛ 3RZHUERQH, Ⱦɠɦɷ ɣ ɬ ɭ ɩ ɧ ɛ ɭ ɩ ɦ ɩ ɞ ɣ ɲ ɠ ɬ ɥ ɛ ɺ ɧɛɬɭɣɥɛ

• ɇ ɣ ɨ ɣ ɧ ɛ ɦ ɷ ɨ ɩ ɣɨɝɛɢɣɝɨɛɺ ɰɣɫɮɫɞɣɺ
• ȼ ɶ ɬ ɭ ɫ ɩ ɠ ɣ ɪ ɫ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɩ ɠ ɪ ɫ ɣ ɧ ɠɨ ɠɨ ɣ ɠ
• Ⱦɩɭɩɝɶ ɥ ɣ ɬ ɪ ɩ ɦ ɷ ɢ ɩ ɝ ɛ ɨ ɣ ɹ
• Ɉ ɠ ɭ ɫ ɠ ɜ ɮ ɹ ɭ ɬ ɧɠɳɣɝɛ ɨɣɺ
• Ɏ ɬ ɥ ɩ ɫ ɺ ɹ ɭ ɩ ɜ ɫ ɛ ɢ ɩ ɝ ɛ ɨ ɣ ɠ ɥ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɠɤ
• Ɉ ɠ ɭ ɫ ɠ ɜ ɮ ɹ ɭ ɪ ɫ ɣ ɧ ɠɨ ɠɨ ɣ ɺ ɧ ɠ ɧ ɜ ɫ ɛ ɨ (ɟɦɺ ɬ ɭ ɩ ɧ ɛ ɭ ɩ ɦ ɩ ɞ ɣ ɲ ɠ ɬ ɥ ɩ ɤ ɳɪɛɭɦɠɝɥɣ)
Ƚ ɨ ɮɭ ɫɣ ɧɶɳɠ ɲɨ ɛ ɺ
ɉ ɜ ɴ ɣ ɤ ɪ ɫ ɩ ɭ ɩ ɥ ɩ ɦ ɪ ɫ ɣ ɧ ɠɨ ɠɨ ɣ ɺ ɪ ɫ ɩ ɱ ɠ ɟ ɮ ɫ ɦɛɭɠɫɛɦɷɨɩɤ ɛɮɞɧɠɨɭɛɱɣɣ ɣɧɪɦɛɨɭɛɱɣɺ ɳɪɛɭɦɠɝɥɣ
ɪ ɩ ɪ ɩ ɝ ɶ ɳ ɠ ɨ ɣ ɹ ɬ ɣ ɨ ɮ ɬ ɛ ɬ ɭ ɩ ɧ ɛ ɭ ɩ ɦ ɩ ɞ ɣ ɲ ɠ ɬ ɥ ɩ ɤ ɳɪɛɭɦɠɝɥɣ 3RZHUERQH ɣ 3RZHUERQH ɣ ɩ ɜ ɫ ɛ ɢ ɩ ɝ ɛ ɨ ɣ ɠ
ɭ ɫ ɛ ɨ ɬ ɪ ɦ ɛ ɨ ɭ ɛ ɱ ɣ ɣ ɬ ɩ ɥ ɠ ɭ ɛ ɝɶɞɦɺɟɣɭ ɬ ɦ ɠ ɟ ɮ ɹ ɴ ɣ ɧ ɩ ɜ ɫ ɛ ɢ ɩ ɧ : ɩ ɬ ɭ ɠ ɩ ɣ ɟ ɩ ɝ ɲɠɫɠɢ 2 ɧɠɬɺɱɛ
(ɩɬɭɠɩɣɨɟɮɥɭɣɝɨɛɺ
1. Ɍ ɭ ɝ ɩ ɫɥ ɛ ɪ ɩ ɟ ɨ ɣ ɧ ɛ ɠ ɭ ɬ ɺ ɰɛɫɛɥɭɠɫɣɬɭɣɥɛ).
• Ƚ ɬ ɺ ɩɜɦɛɬɭɷ ɭ ɫ ɛ ɨ ɬ ɪ ɦ ɛ ɨ ɭ ɛ ɱ ɣ ɣ ɩɭ ɥɫɶɝɛɠ ɭɬɺ.
• ɇɺɞɥɣɠ ɭ ɥɛ ɨɣ ɝ ɩ ɜ ɦ ɛ ɬ ɭ ɣ ɭ ɫ ɛ ɨ ɬ ɪ ɦ ɛ ɨ ɭ ɛ ɱ ɣ ɣ ɩ ɭ ɟ ɛ ɦ ɺ ɹ ɭ ɬ ɺ .
2. Ɋ ɫɣ ɧɠɨ ɠɨ ɣ ɠ ɬ ɭ ɩ ɧ ɛ ɭ ɩ ɦ ɩ ɞ ɣ ɲ ɠ ɬ ɥ ɩ ɤ ɳɪɛɭɦɠɝɥɣ.
•Ɍ ɭ ɩɧɛ ɭ ɩɦɩɞɣ ɲɠ ɬɥɛ ɺ ɳɪɛɭɦɠɝɥɛ ɝ ɝ ɩ ɟ ɣ ɭ ɬ ɺ ɝ ɢ ɩ ɨ ɮ ɟɠɯɠɥɭɛ, ɬ ɧ ɩ ɲ ɠ ɨ ɨ ɩ ɤ ɝ
ɯɣɢɣɩɦɩɞɣɲɠ ɬɥɩɧ ɫ ɛ ɬ ɭ ɝ ɩ ɫ ɠ ɬ ɭ ɠɫ ɣ ɦ ɷ ɨ ɩ ɤ ɞɮɜɥɩɤ ɪ ɫ ɣ ɧ ɠɨ ɺ ɠ ɭ ɬ ɺ ɟɛɝɦɠɨɣɠ.
3. Ɍ ɭ ɝ ɩ ɫɥ ɛ ɢɛɥɫɶɝɛɠɭɬɺ.
• ɉ ɜ ɦ ɛ ɬ ɭ ɷ ɩɪ ɠɫɛ ɱɣɣ ɢɛɥɫɶɝɛɹɭ, ɬ ɜ ɦ ɣ ɡ ɛ ɺ ɮɞɩɦɥɣ ɬ ɭ ɝ ɩ ɫ ɩ ɥ .

Ɋ ɫɣ ɧɠɨ ɠɨ ɣ ɠ ɳɪɛɭɦɠɝɥɣ 3RZHUERQH ɝ ɩɪ ɠɫɛ ɱɣɣ ɪ ɩ ɪ ɩ ɝ ɶ ɳ ɠ ɨ ɣ ɹ ɬ ɣ ɨ ɮ ɬ ɛ .

Ȼ. Ɋ ɠɫ ɠ ɟ ɪ ɫ ɣ ɧ ɠɨ ɠɨ ɣ ɠ ɧ ɣ ɧ ɪ ɦ ɛ ɨ ɭ ɛ ɭ ɛ %. Ɋ ɩ ɬ ɦ ɠ ɪ ɫ ɣ ɧ ɠɨ ɠɨ ɣ ɺ ɣ ɧ ɪ ɦ ɛ ɨ ɭ ɛ ɭ ɛ

Ƚ ɣ ɟ 5-ɭɣ ɧ ɠ ɬ ɺ ɲ ɨ ɩ ɞ ɩ ɮɦɮɲɳɠɨɣɺ ɩ ɜ ɦ ɛ ɬ ɭ ɣ , ɪ ɩ ɟ ɝ ɠɫ ɞ ɳ ɠ ɤ ɬ ɺ ɝɠɫɭɣɥɛɦɷɨɩɤ ɮɭɠɫɠ ɫ ɛ ɢ ɧ ɠɫ ɩ ɝ ɝ ɬɝɺɢɣ

ɬ ɪɨɠɝɧɛɭɣɢɛɱɣɠɤ ɬ ɣ ɨ ɮ ɬ ɛ ɝ ɫ ɛ ɟ ɣ ɩ ɦ ɩ ɞ ɣ ɣ ɝ ɫɠɢɮɦɷɭɛɭɠ ɛɮɞɧɠɨɭɛɱɣɣ ɬ ɭ ɩ ɧ ɛ ɭ ɩ ɦ ɩ ɞ ɣ ɲ ɠ ɬ ɥ ɩ ɤ
ɳɪɛɭɦɠɝɥɣ 3RZHUERQH.

5
Ɍ ɭ ɩ ɧ ɛ ɭɩ ɦ ɩ ɞ ɣɲɠ ɬɥ ɛ ɺ ɜ ɛ ɫ ɷ ɠɫ ɨ ɛ ɺ ɧ ɠ ɧ ɜ ɫ ɛ ɨ ɛ 3RZHUERQH;

- Ɋ ɫ ɩ ɠ ɥ ɭ ɣ ɫ ɩ ɝ ɛ ɨ ɩ ɟ ɦ ɺ ɢ ɟ ɩ ɫ ɩ ɝ ɩ ɞ ɩ ɫɛɢɝɣɭɣɺ ɥ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɠɤ ɣ ɭ ɥɛ ɨɣ ɪ ɠ ɫ ɣ ɩ ɟ ɩ ɨ ɭ ɛ ɦ ɷ ɨ ɩ ɤ ɪ ɩ ɟ ɟ ɠ ɫ ɡ ɥ ɣ .

-Ƀɢɞɩɭ ɩɝɦ ɠɨ ɩ ɣɢ ɬ ɣ ɨ ɭ ɠ ɭ ɣ ɲ ɠ ɬ ɥ ɩ ɞ ɩ ɪ ɩ ɦ ɣ ɧ ɠɫ ɛ ɨ ɛ ɩ ɬ ɨ ɩ ɝ ɠ ɪ ɩ ɦ ɣ ( ɧ ɩ ɦ ɩ ɲ ɨ ɩ ɤ ɥɣɬɦɩɭɶ), ɣ ɧ ɠ ɹ ɴ ɠ ɤ

ɜ ɣ ɩ ɬ ɩ ɝ ɧ ɠ ɬ ɭ ɣ ɧ ɮ ɹ , ɫ ɠ ɢ ɩ ɫ ɜ ɣ ɫ ɮ ɠ ɧ ɮ ɹ ɣ ɟ ɩ ɦ ɞ ɩ ɝ ɫ ɠ ɧ ɠɨ ɨ ɮ ɹ ɜ ɠ ɢ ɩ ɪ ɛ ɬ ɨ ɮ ɹ ɧɠɟɣɱɣɨɬɥɮɹ ɣ ɬ ɭ ɩ ɫ ɣ ɹ ɪ ɫ ɣ ɧ ɠɨ ɠɨ ɣ ɺ .

-ɍɫɠɰɬɦɩɤɨɛɺ ɬ ɭ ɫ ɮ ɥ ɭ ɮ ɫ ɛ ɧ ɠ ɧ ɜ ɫ ɛ ɨ ɶ ɪ ɫ ɠ ɟ ɩ ɭ ɝ ɫ ɛ ɴ ɛ ɠ ɭ ɧɣɞɫɛɱɣɹ ɸɪɣɭɠɦɣɛɦɷɨɶɰ ɣ ɯɣɜɫɩɜɦɛɬɭɨɶɰ ɥɦɠɭɩɥ ɝ

ɩɜɦɛɬɭɷ ɫɠɞɠɨɠɫɛɱɣɣ ɥ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɣ ɟ ɦ ɺ ɢ ɟ ɩ ɫ ɩ ɝ ɩ ɞ ɩ ɫɛɢɝɣɭɣɺ ɥ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɨ ɩ ɤ ɣ ɪ ɠ ɫ ɣ ɩ ɟ ɩ ɨ ɭ ɛ ɦ ɷ ɨ ɩ ɤ ɪ ɩ ɟ ɟ ɠ ɫ ɡ ɣ ɝ ɛ ɹ ɴ ɠ ɤ ɭɥɛɨɣ.

-Ɍ ɭ ɩɧɛ ɭ ɩɦɩɞɣ ɲɠ ɬɥɛ ɺ ɜ ɛ ɫɷ ɠɫɨ ɛ ɺ ɧ ɠ ɧ ɜ ɫ ɛ ɨ ɛ 3RZHUERQH, ɬ ɩ ɰ ɫ ɛ ɨ ɺ ɺ ɬ ɝ ɩ ɹ ɬɭɫɮɥɭɮɫɮ ɝ ɭɠɲɠɨɣɠ 15-20 ɨɠɟɠɦɷ,

ɪ ɩ ɦ ɨ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɷ ɹ ɫɠɢɩɫɜɣɫɮɠɭɬɺ.

Ɋɫɠɣɧɮɴɠ ɬɭɝɛ ɪ ɫ ɣ ɧ ɠɨ ɠɨ ɣ ɺ ɬ ɭ ɩ ɧ ɛ ɭ ɩ ɦ ɩ ɞ ɣ ɲ ɠ ɥ ɩ ɤ ɜ ɛ ɫ ɷ ɠɫ ɨ ɩ ɤ ɧ ɠ ɧ ɜ ɫ ɛ ɨ ɶ 3RZHUERQH;

à Ɋ ɫ ɠ ɟ ɩ ɭ ɝ ɫ ɛ ɴ ɛ ɠ ɭ ɩ ɜ ɫ ɛ ɢ ɩ ɝ ɛ ɨ ɣ ɠ ɯ ɣ ɜ ɫ ɩ ɢ ɨ ɩ ɤ ɭ ɥɛ ɨɣ ɝ ɲɛɬɭɣ ɫɠɞɠɨɠɫɛɱɣɣ ɥ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɣ .
· ɋɣɬɥ ɪ ɠɫ ɠ ɟ ɛ ɲ ɣ ɝɣɫɮɬɩɝ ɣ ɜɩɦɠɢɨɠɤ ɩɭ ɬɮɭ ɬ ɭ ɝɮɠ ɭ .
· Ɋ ɩ ɪ ɫ ɣ ɲ ɣ ɨ ɠ ɭ ɩ ɞ ɩ , ɲ ɭ ɩ ɪ ɩ ɦ ɨ ɩ ɬ ɭ ɷ ɹ ɫ ɠ ɢ ɩ ɫ ɜ ɣ ɫ ɮ ɠ ɭ ɬ ɺ , ɨ ɠ ɭɫɠɜɮɠɭ ɝ ɭ ɩ ɫ ɣ ɲ ɨ ɩ ɤ
ɩɪ ɠɫɛɱɣɣ.

Ɋ ɫɣ ɧɠɨ ɠɨ ɣ ɠ ɬ ɭ ɩ ɧ ɛ ɭ ɩ ɦ ɩ ɞ ɣ ɲ ɠ ɬ ɥ ɩ ɤ ɜ ɛ ɫ ɷ ɠɫ ɨ ɩ ɤ ɧ ɠ ɧ ɜ ɫ ɛ ɨ ɶ 3RZHUERQH

Ƚ ɨ ɠ ɳ ɨ ɺ ɺ ɪ ɩɝɠɫɰɨɩɬ ɭ ɷ ɬ ɭ ɩ ɧ ɛ ɭ ɩ ɦ ɩ ɞ ɣ ɲ ɠ ɬ ɥ ɩ ɤ Ƚ ɨ ɮ ɭ ɫ ɠɨ ɨ ɺ ɺ ɪ ɩɝɠɫɰɨɩɬ ɭ ɷ
ɬ ɭ ɩ ɧ ɛ ɭ ɩ ɦ ɩ ɞ ɣ ɲ ɠ ɬ ɥ ɩ ɤ ɧ ɠ ɧ ɜ ɫ ɛ ɨ ɶ 3RZHUERQH ɯ ɩ ɫ ɧ ɣ ɫ ɮ ɠ ɭ ɬ ɺ ɣɢ ɬ ɦ ɩ ɺ ɨ ɠ ɧɠɧɜɫɛɨɶ
3RZHUERQH ɯ ɩ ɫ ɧ ɣ ɫ ɮ ɠ ɭ ɬ ɺ ɣɢ ɧ ɣ ɥ ɫ ɩ ɯ ɣ ɜ ɫ ɨ ɛ ɪ ɩ ɫ ɣ ɬ ɭ ɩ ɤ ɪɦɠɨɥɣ ɨ ɛ ɩ ɬ ɨ ɩ ɝ ɠ ɪ ɩ ɦ ɣ ( ɧ ɩ ɦ ɩ ɲ ɨ ɩ ɤ ɩɬɨɩɝɠ
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6
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