Science Assignment

Five Infectious Diseases

1. Chicken Pox

Causes
• Chickenpox is caused by a virus called
varicella zoster. People become
infected after being in contact with an
infected child or adult.
• Chickenpox is one of the most
infectious diseases. People who have
never had chickenpox and have never
been vaccinated are at the highest risk
of infection.

S. TEJAS, Roll Number : 39, V standard , C Section, HAL GNANAJYOTI SCHOOL, Marathalli, Bangalore
 Science Assignment
Five Infectious Diseases

1. Chicken Pox
Prevention
A vaccine is available for varicella. For children, 2 doses of the varicella
vaccine are given, one at 12 to 15 months and one at age 4 to 6 years.
These are 90 percent effective at preventing chickenpox.

S. TEJAS, Roll Number : 39, V standard , C Section, HAL GNANAJYOTI SCHOOL, Marathalli, Bangalore
 Science Assignment
Five Infectious Diseases

2. Common Cold

Causes
• Although many different viruses can cause a
cold, rhinoviruses are the most cause of the
common cold.
• A cold virus enters your body through your
mouth, eyes or nose, usually when someone
who is sick coughs, sneezes, or talks (the
virus can spread through droplets in the air).
• You can also catch a cold by touching
contaminated objects and surfaces and then
touching your eyes, nose or mouth.
S. TEJAS, Roll Number : 39, V standard , C Section, HAL GNANAJYOTI SCHOOL, Marathalli, Bangalore
 Science Assignment
Five Infectious Diseases

2. Common Cold

Prevention
You can protect yourself from getting the
common cold by following these CDC
guidelines to help you reduce your risk of
getting a cold:
• Wash your hands frequently with soap and
water.
• Do not touch your eyes, nose, and mouth
with unwashed hands.
• Keep your distance from people who are sick.
S. TEJAS, Roll Number : 39, V standard , C Section, HAL GNANAJYOTI SCHOOL, Marathalli, Bangalore
 Science Assignment
Five Infectious Diseases

3. Diptheria

Causes
Diphtheria is caused by bacteria adhering to the
lining of the respiratory system. These bacteria
generate a toxin which damages tissue cells of
the respiratory system. Within two or three
days, the tissue left behind forms a bulky, gray
coating. This coating has the potential to cover
tissues in the voice box, throat, nose and tonsils.
For the infected person, breathing and
swallowing become hard to do.
S. TEJAS, Roll Number : 39, V standard , C Section, HAL GNANAJYOTI SCHOOL, Marathalli, Bangalore
 Science Assignment
Five Infectious Diseases
3. Diptheria

Prevention
• There are 11 different types of combination
vaccines that are designed to stop diphtheria
and tetanus. Protection against whooping
cough (pertussis) is included in 8 of these
vaccines.
• There are diifferent schedules for getting the
series of shots, including booster shots after
the first ones are given.
• In general, the side effects from the vaccines
might include fever, pain or redness at the
needle site, and rarely, an allergic reaction to
the vaccine
S. TEJAS, itself.
Roll Number : 39, V standard , C Section, HAL GNANAJYOTI SCHOOL, Marathalli, Bangalore
 Science Assignment
Five Infectious Diseases

4. Cholera
Causes
Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera, is usually found in
food or water contaminated by feces from a person with the
infection.

Common sources include:

• Municipal water supplies
• Ice made from municipal water
• Foods and drinks sold by street vendors
• Vegetables grown with water containing human wastes
• Raw or undercooked fish and seafood caught in waters polluted
with sewage
• When a person consumes the contaminated food or water, the
bacteria release a toxin in the intestines that produces severe
diarrhea.
S. TEJAS, Roll Number : 39, V standard , C Section, HAL GNANAJYOTI SCHOOL, Marathalli, Bangalore
 Science Assignment
Five Infectious Diseases

4. Cholera

Prevention Prevention
• There is a vaccine for cholera. Both the CDC and the World To disinfect your own water, boil it for one minute (or 3 minutes at higher
Health Organization have specific guidelines for who should elevations) or filter it and use a commercial chemical disinfectant. You should
be given this vaccine. also avoid raw foods, including the following:
• You can protect yourself and your family by using only water • Unpeeled fruits and vegetables
that has been boiled, water that has been chemically • Unpasteurized milk and milk products
disinfected, or bottled water. Be sure to use bottled, boiled, • Raw or undercooked meat or shellfish
or chemically disinfected water for the following purposes • Fish caught in tropical reefs, which may be contaminated
• Drinking • If you develop severe, watery diarrhea and vomiting -- particularly after eating
• Preparing food or drinks raw shellfish or traveling to a country where cholera is epidemic -- seek
• Making ice medical help immediately. Cholera is highly treatable, but because
dehydration can happen quickly, it's important to get cholera treatment right
• Brushing your teeth away.
• Washing your face and hands • Hydration is the mainstay of treatment for cholera. Depending on how severe
• Washing dishes and utensils that you use to eat or prepare the diarrhea is, treatment will consist of oral or intravenous solutions to
food replace lost fluids. Antibiotics, which kill the bacteria, are not part of
emergency treatment for mild cases. But they can reduce the duration of
• Washing fruits and vegetables diarrhea by half and also reduce the excretion of the bacteria, thus helping to
prevent the spread of the disease.
S. TEJAS, Roll Number : 39, V standard , C Section, HAL GNANAJYOTI SCHOOL, Marathalli, Bangalore
 Science Assignment
Five Infectious Diseases

5. Typhoid Fever
Causes
• Typhoid is caused by the bacteria S. typhi and spread
through food, drinks, and drinking water that are
contaminated with infected fecal matter. Washing fruit and
vegetables can spread it, if contaminated water is used.
• Some people are asymptomatic carriers of typhoid,
meaning that they harbor the bacteria but suffer no ill
effects. Others continue to harbor the bacteria after their
symptoms have gone. Sometimes, the disease can appear
again.
• People who test positive as carriers may not be allowed to
work with children or older people until medical tests
show that they are clear
S. TEJAS, Roll Number : 39, V standard , C Section, HAL GNANAJYOTI SCHOOL, Marathalli, Bangalore
 Science Assignment
Five Infectious Diseases

5. Typhoid Fever

Prevention Prevention
Before traveling to a high-risk area, getting Typhoid is spread by contact and ingestion of infected human feces.
vaccinated against typhoid fever is This can happen through an infected water source or when handling
recommended. food.
This can be achieved by oral medication or a one- The following are some general rules to follow when traveling to help
off injection: minimize the chance of typhoid infection:
• Oral: a live, attenuated vaccine. Consists of 4 • Drink bottled water, preferably carbonated.
tablets, one to be taken every second day, the • If bottled water cannot be sourced, ensure water is heated on a
last of which is taken 1 week before travel. rolling boil for at least one minute before consuming.
• Shot, an inactivated vaccine, administered 2 • Be wary of eating anything that has been handled by someone else.
weeks before travel. • Avoid eating at street food stands, and only eat food that is still hot.
• Vaccines are not 100 percent effective and • Do not have ice in drinks.
caution should still be exercised when eating • Avoid raw fruit and vegetables, peel fruit yourself, and do not eat
and drinking. the peel

S. TEJAS, Roll Number : 39, V standard , C Section, HAL GNANAJYOTI SCHOOL, Marathalli, Bangalore