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Study Designs
Study Designs
• Masood, M., Yusof, N., Hassan, M.I.A. et al. Assessment of dental caries predictors
in 6-year-old school children - results from 5-year retrospective cohort study. BMC
Public Health 12, 989 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-989
• Background
This was a retrospective cohort study undertaken to assess the
rate and pattern of dental caries development in 6-year-old
school children followed-up for a period of 5 years, and to
identify baseline risk factors that were associated with 5 years
caries experience in Malaysian children.
• Methods
This 5-years retrospective cohort study comprised primary school
children initially aged 6 years in 2004. Caries experience of
each child was recorded annually using World Health
Organization criteria. The rates of dental caries were recorded
in prevalence and incidence density of carious lesions from
baseline to final examination. Risk assessment was done to
assess relative risk for caries after 5 years in children with
baseline caries status. Simple and multiple logistic regression
analysis were performed to identify significant independent
• Results
The sample consisted of 1830 school children. All components
of DMFT showed significant differences between baseline
and final examination. Filled teeth (FT) component of the
DMFT showed the greatest increases. Results revealed the
initial baseline caries level in permanent dentition was a
strong predictor for future caries after 5 years (RR=3.78, 95%
CI=3.48-4.10, P<0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed
significant association between caries occurrence and
residence (urban/rural) (OR=1.80, P<0.001). However, it was
not significantly associated with gender and ethnicity. The
incidence density of caries, affected persons (IDp) observed
from baseline and after 5 years was 5.80 persons/100
person-year of observation. The rate of new caries-affected
tooth (IDt) in the period from baseline and after 5-years was
0.76 teeth/100 teeth-year of observation.
• Case Control Study
is a study in which patients who already have a
specific condition or outcome are compared with
people who do not. Researchers look back in time
(retrospective) to identify possible exposures.
They often rely on medical records and patient
recall for data collection. Individuals split by
disease.
External Cervical Resorption: A Retrospective Case-Control Study
Methods: The ECR group included data about 76 patients (98 teeth)
diagnosed with ECR at the university graduate endodontics clinic from
2008-2018. An equivalent comparative control group without ECR was
composed of the same pool of patients and matched with cases by sex
and age. Information about dental and medical history, including
potential local risk factors (bruxism, trauma, eruption disorders,
extraction of an adjacent tooth, orthodontics, and restorations) and
systemic risk factors (medical conditions, medication, and allergies), was
collected for both groups. Data were analyzed at tooth and patient
levels. The chi-square test or Fisher exact test compared proportions
between the 2 study groups.
• Results: The overall ECR prevalence among endodontic
patients during the 10-year follow-up was 2.3%. ECR was
most frequent in maxillary anterior teeth (31.6%), and
the Heithersay class 2 was the most frequent (38.8%)
ECR diagnosis. Diabetes was the only significant systemic
risk factor (P < .05). Trauma, as a local risk factor, was
significantly (P < .05) more frequently reported in cases
than in controls.
• Conclusions: The study hypothesis stating that both
systemic and local risk factors were associated with
higher ECR rates was partly confirmed, as one systemic
(diabetes) and one local (trauma) risk factor were
associated with higher ECR rates.
• Keywords: Case-control study; external cervical
• Survey Study is an epidemiologic study
that produces survey results, and will consist
of simultaneous assessments of the health
outcome, primary risk exposure and potential
confounders and effect modifiers. Two types
of survey research are cross-sectional and
longitudinal studies.
• Cross-Sectional Study
is the observation of a defined population at a
single point in time or during a specific time
interval to examine associations between the
outcomes and exposure to interventions.
Exposure and outcome are determined
simultaneously. Often rely on data originally
collected for other purposes.
Cross Sectional Study on the Association between Dental Caries
and Life Habits in School Age Italian Children