National Policy for Women

Status of women in India

•In ancient India, it is believed that women enjoyed almost
equal status with men – particularly in the early Vedic Period.
•But with the coming of Manusmriti, the status of women was
relegated to a subordinate position to men.
•During the medieval period, the condition of women got
worsened with the advent of Muslim rulers in India.
•Reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy worked for women
upliftment and empowerment.
•The Constitution of India has given special attention to the
needs of women in India to enable them to exercise their
rights on equal footing with men and participate in national
development.
Provisions in the Indian Constitution to safeguard women’s
rights
The constitution aims to make specific provisions for women in
India.

Preamble:
The Preamble to the Constitution of India assures justice, social,
economic and political; equality of status and opportunity and
dignity to the individual. Thus it treats both men and women
equal.
Fundamental Rights:
•Article 14 ensures to women the right to
equality.
•Article 15(1) specifically prohibits
discrimination on the basis of sex.
•Article 15(3) empowers the State to take
affirmative actions in favour of women.
•Article 16 provides for equality of opportunity
for all citizens in matters relating to employment
or appointment to any office.
Directive Principles of State Policy:
•Article 39 (a) provides that the state direct its policy towards
securing for men and women equally the right to an adequate
means of livelihood.

•Article 39 (d) mandates equal pay for equal work for both
men and women.

•Article 42 provides that the state make provision for securing

just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief.
Why does India need a National Policy for Women?
Given the long-term nature of issues which impact on women
in India, there is a need to strengthen the processes that
promote all-round development of women by focusing on a
coordinated approach for implementation of the schemes of
the concerned Ministries/Departments and by creating an
enabling environment conducive to social change.
Previous legislation and policies for women
In 1976, National Plan of Action (1976) was enforced providing
guidelines based on United Nations ‘World Plan of Action for
women’ with special attention to areas of health, family
planning, nutrition, education, employment, legislation and
social welfare for formulating and implementing of action
programmes for women.
During the 7th Plan period, the National Policy on Education
1986 was adopted which focused on providing educational
opportunities to women.
The reservations provided to women through the 73rd and
74th Constitutional Amendment Acts of 1992 in local bodies
has enabled them to be brought to the centre-stage in the
nation’s efforts to strengthen democratic institutions.
he Government of India had adopted the National Policy for
Empowerment of Women in 2001 with the objective to bring
about the advancement, development and empowerment of
women and to eliminate all forms of discrimination against
women. It was directed towards achieving inclusive growth
with special focus on women.
NATIONAL POLICY FOR THE EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN,
2001

1. India has also ratified various international conventions and

human rights instruments committing to secure equal rights
of women. Key among them is the ratification of the
Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
Against Women (CEDAW) in 1993.
NATIONAL POLICY FOR THE EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN,
2001

1. The Mexico Plan of Action (1975), the Nairobi Forward

Looking Strategies (1985), the Beijing Declaration as well as
the Platform for Action (1995) and the Outcome Document
adopted by the UNGA Session on Gender Equality and
Development & Peace for the 21 st century, titled "Further
actions and initiatives to implement the Beijing Declaration
and the Platform for Action " have been unreservedly
endorsed by India for appropriate follow up.
The Policy also takes note of the commitments of the Ninth
Five Year Plan and the other Sectoral Policies relating to
empowerment of Women.
The Policy also takes note of the commitments of the Ninth
Five Year Plan and the other Sectoral Policies relating to
empowerment of Women.

Goal and Objectives

1. Creating an environment through positive economic and
social policies for full development of women to enable them
to realize their full potential.
2. The de-jure and de-facto enjoyment of all human rights and
fundamental freedom by women on equal basis with men in all
spheres – political, economic, social, cultural and civil .

3. Equal access to participation and decision making of women

in social, political and economic life of the nation.
4. Equal access to women to health care, quality education at
all levels, career and vocational guidance, employment, equal
remuneration, occupational health and safety, social security
and public office etc.
5. Strengthening legal systems aimed at elimination of all forms
of discrimination against women

6. Changing societal attitudes and community practices by

active participation and involvement of both men and women.

7. Mainstreaming a gender perspective in the development

process.
8. Elimination of discrimination and all forms of violence
against women and the girl child; and
9. Building and strengthening partnerships with civil society,
particularly women’s organizations.
Policy Prescriptions

Judicial Legal Systems

Legal-judicial system will be made more responsive and gender

sensitive to women’s needs, especially in cases of domestic
violence and personal assault. New laws will be enacted and
existing laws reviewed to ensure that justice is quick and the
punishment meted out to the culprits is commensurate with
the severity of the offence.
1. At the initiative of and with the full participation of all
stakeholders including community and religious leaders, the
Policy would aim to encourage changes in personal laws
such as those related to marriage, divorce, maintenance
and guardianship so as to eliminate discrimination against
women.

2. The evolution of property rights in a patriarchal system has

contributed to the subordinate status of women. The Policy
would aim to encourage changes in laws relating to ownership
of property and inheritance by evolving consensus in order to
make them gender just
1. At the initiative of and with the full participation of all
stakeholders including community and religious leaders, the
Policy would aim to encourage changes in personal laws
such as those related to marriage, divorce, maintenance
and guardianship so as to eliminate discrimination against
women.

2. The evolution of property rights in a patriarchal system has

contributed to the subordinate status of women. The Policy
would aim to encourage changes in laws relating to ownership
of property and inheritance by evolving consensus in order to
make them gender just
1. Decision Making
1. Women’s equality in power sharing and active participation
in decision making, including decision making in political
process at all levels will be ensured for the achievement of the
goals of empowerment. All measures will be taken to
guarantee women equal access to and full participation in
decision making bodies at every level, including the legislative,
executive, judicial, corporate, statutory bodies, as also the
advisory Commissions, Committees, Boards, Trusts etc.
Affirmative action such as reservations/quotas, including in
higher legislative bodies, will be considered whenever
necessary on a time bound basis. Women–friendly personnel
policies will also be drawn up to encourage women to
participate effectively in the developmental process
Affirmative action such as reservations/quotas, including in
higher legislative bodies, will be considered whenever
necessary on a time bound basis. Women–friendly personnel
policies will also be drawn up to encourage women to
participate effectively in the developmental process
Priority Areas
Health including food security and nutrition:
•There are 18 points under health, food security and nutrition which
not only incorporates maternal and reproductive health but also the
geriatric care, adolescent sexual & reproductive health and
menopausal health care. The draft also acknowledges various
challenges faced by women body since birth.
Economy:
In the discussion of women in the agricultural sector, the draft
policy envisions for women the roles that they are now playing
in Swayam Shikshan Prayog’sprojects, even using more or less the
same kind of name, “Krishi Sakhi”.
Education:
This section suggests gender sensitisation of curriculum and
faculty, and the use of ‘Gender Champions’ to promote gender
sensitisation. The draft also creates a supportive environment by
setting up a ‘responsive complaint mechanism’for sexual
harassment and intimidation of girls and young women.
Apart from these, the section also talks about enrolment and
retention of adolescent girls in schools, innovative transportation
models for better schooling outcome and addressing disparities
with regard to ICTs.
The draft also flags gender differentials in wages and gender-
sensitive social security.
The draft proposes a system of registration and “portability of
entitlements such as ration cards and identity papers.” It also
proposes the registration of tribal migrants by Panchayats,
ostensibly to protect the rights of migrant tribal workers (and
domestic workers), skill development and training for women,
entrepreneurial development, review of labour laws and policies,
equal employment opportunities with appropriate benefits related
to maternity and child care services and address technological
needs of women.
Governance and Decision Making:
•The draft policy mentions about increasing women’s’
participation in the political arena (through need-based training),
in administration, in civil services and in corporate boardrooms
as well as the skill development of women in traditional, new and
emerging areas for independent decision making.
Violence against Women:
The draft policy address all forms of violence against women
through a life cycle approach, Legislations affecting /relating to
women will be reviewed/harmonized to enhance effectiveness,
Improve Child Sex Ratio (CSR), strict implementation of
advisories, guidelines, Standard Operating Procedures (SoPs) and
protocols, prevention of trafficking at source, transit and
destination areas for effective monitoring of the networks.
After all, the policy lists ‘violence’ under ‘priority areas’ that
needs focus and work. It also enables government to look
forward to help battle ‘violence faced by women in the private
sphere of home, public spaces and at workplace’.
However, the draft is silent on Marital Rape.
Enabling Environment:
The draft mentions about Gender perspective in housing and
infrastructure, ensuring safe drinking water and sanitation,
gender parity in the mass media & sports, concerted efforts
towards strengthening social security and support services for all
women especially the vulnerable, marginalized, migrant and
single women.
Environment and Climate Change:
The policy talks about addressing gender concerns during
distress migration & displacement in times of natural calamities
due to climate change and environmental degradation.
Promotion of environmental friendly, renewable, non–
conventional energy, green energy sources for women in rural
households.