 The layout on a flat plane is actually the inside

surface of the object.

 The true measurement is taken from the inside of
an object.
 Must know three concepts :
a. True Length – measurement of sides parallel
to the projection line.
b. True Shape – the flat surface projection
parallel to the surface.
c. True angle – is a from the auxiliary view.
 Objects or hollow solids are classified into three groups,
namely prisms and cylinders, pyramids and cones, and
transition parts.
 Prisms and cylinders as well as pyramids and cones are
divided into three types depending on their position and
shape such as right, oblique, or truncated.
 SOLIDS

PRISMS AND PYRAMIDS AND TRANSITION

CYLINDERS CONES PARTS

RIGHT
RIGHT RIGHT RIGHT
CYLINDE
PRISM PYRAMID CONE
R
OBLIQUE
OBLIQUE OBLIQUE OBLIQUE
CYLINDE
PRISM PYRAMID CONE
R

TRUNCATED TRUNCATED TRUNCATED TRUNCATED

PRISM CYLINDER PYRAMID CONE
a. Prisms and cylinders
- A prism has polygon shaped end.
- The cross-section of a prism is uniform
since its side are parallel.
- A cylinder has the same characteristics as
a prism but its cross-section is circular.
b. Pyramids and cones
- has a flat polygon-shaped base
- side of pyramid are inclined triangles and
they meet at the vertex point.
- cone has the same characteristics as a
pyramid but it has a circular base.
c. Transition Parts
- refers to components which connect two
different solids and different shape or
cross-sectional size.
- Can be found in air conditioning
ventilating and similar construction.
a. Parallel – Line Method
- used for right, oblique and truncated
prism and cylinder blocks.
- all the line of the solids are parallel to their
own sides and perpendicular to the layout
lines.

Transferring circumference length of a circle

b. Radial-line Method
- used for right, oblique truncated
pyramids as well as cones and frustum.
- The vertex of a pyramid or a cone is used
as the radial centre while the inclined
side is used as the radius.
- The radius measurement is the true
length.
c. Triangulation
- used for oblique pyramid, oblique cone
and transition parts.
 COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN DEVELOPMENT DRAWING
a. Elements Line
- is a straight line drawn on curved object surfaces.
- for cylinder, the element lines are parallel to the
side of a cylinders.

Elements Line

Elements line for a cylinders

b. Stretch-outlines
- Lines drawn perpendicular to the side of a prism or
cylinder.
- on cylinder, the stretch-outline is the
circumference of the cylinder.
Stretch Line

Stretch-outlines for a cylinders

c. Seam
- seam is the joint line of an object
- in fabrication processes the seam is made
slightly longer to make layered joints.
- in development drawing, seam are drawn
as one straight line.
d. Fold Lines
- Fold lines are lines at which, when folded, will
shape the pyramid.

Fold Line

Fold lines of a pyramid

Please Select The Box
  Development Drawing of a Right Cylinder
Step 1
1.Working on the top view, divide the circle into 12
equal parts.
10 2.Draw a stretch-outline perpendicular to the
11 9 cylinder side.
12 8 3.Transfer 1-2,2-3 up to 12-1 the stretch-outline.

1 7
Step 2
2 6 1.Draw the element lines on the intersection points on
the stretch-outline
3 5 2.Complete the development.
4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1
  Development Drawing of a Square
d c

a b
a b c d a
 Development Drawing of a Right Cone

10
11 9
12 8

1 7
2 6
3 5
4 1

12

11

10

1 9

2 8
3 7
4 5 6
 Development Drawing of a Right Pyramid
 Development Drawing of a Truncated Pyramid

4 3
4
1

D C

A B
A
D
1 2

C 3
A B

1 2
CLICK Question 1 : Drawing Cut Square Pyramid

Question 2 : Drawing Cut Cone

CLICK

Question 3 : Drawing Cut Hexagonal Prism

CLICK
The given views show the
Front Elevation and unfinished
Plan of a cut square pyramid.

Draw the following views :-

The completed Plan

End Elevation
Surface Development of sides
True Shape of cut
The given views
show the Front
Elevation and part
Plan of a cut cone.

Draw the following

views :-

Complete Plan
End Elevation
Development
True Shape of cut
The given views show the Front Elevation and Plan
of a cut hexagonal prism.

Draw the following views :-

End Elevation
Surface Development of sides
True Shape of cut
Using the Plan and the Front
1 2
Elevation project the position
of the End Elevation and show
the slope of the sides.

Number each of the points in

each view.
4 3

1/4 2 /3 3/4 1 /2
 1 2
Project from the Front Elevation
to find the cut surface on the
End Elevation.

Darken the outlines on the End

Elevation. 4 3

1/4 2 /3 3 /4 1 /2
Project from the Front
Elevation to find the cut 1 2
surface on the Plan.

Darken the outlines on the

Plan.

4 3

1/4 2 /3 3 /4 1 /2
Before the Development can be
drawn it is necessary to find out
the True Length of the corner of 1 2
the pyramid so that accurate sizes
for the development and the cut
points can be found

Draw a curve on the plan with the

centre being located at the centre 4 3
of the pyramid, the radius being
measured at one of the corners,
and the end point of the curve
being the centre line.

Project the point found onto the

Elevation baseline and draw a
generator to the apex of the
pyramid.
Project the cut points from the 1/4 2 /3 3 /4 1 /2
elevation onto this True Length
line.
Indicate where the development
is going to be placed, and then
1 2
draw the first generator to
indicate one corner of the 1
pyramid.

Measure the length of the corner

of the pyramid using the True
Length line and draw a curve on
the Development at this size. 4 3

Step off the length of each of the

sides of the pyramid onto the
Development.

Draw generators to each of these

points to indicate the fold lines

Number each of the points.

1/4 2 /3 3 /4 1 /2 4

1
 1 2
Step off from the True Length
line the distance from the apex 1
of the pyramid to each cut
point and transfer these sizes
to the correct generators on the
Development. 2
4 3

Join each of the points to show

the developed shape of the cut. 3
Also add the flat edges to the
base of the pyramid on the
Development.

1/4 2 /3 3 /4 1 /2 4
Darken the outlines on the
Development.

Add the fold lines to complete

the view.
To find the True Shape,
project the cut points away
from the Front Elevation at 1 2
right angles to the cut.
1
Draw a datum line on the True
Shape parallel to the cut line of
the Front Elevation and at right
angles to the lines just
2
projected. Use the centre line
of the plan as a datum line. 4 3

Measure the vertical distances

from the datum to each of the
3
cut points on the plan. Transfer
each of these sizes on to the
True Shape.

Join each of the points found to

produce the True Shape. 1/4 2 /3 3 /4 1 /2 4
Complete the view by
darkening the outlines.
1
Start drawing the End
Elevation by projecting
the height and width
from the given views.
Use 30o and 60o lines to
divide the Plan into 12 11 12
1
equal parts. 10
2

Number each of the 9

3
points on the Plan.
8
4
7 5
6
Project each of the
points from the Plan 11 12
1
onto the Elevation base. 10
2

9
3
Number each of the
8
points on the Elevation 4
making sure that the 7 5
6
numbers correspond
with those on the Plan.

910 11 12 1 23
8 7 6 5 4
Draw generators from
the apex of the cone to 


each of the points found

on the base of the cone. 








910 11 12 1 23
8 7 6 5 4
Project the position of
the generators onto the 11

12
1
End Elevation by
10
projecting the points 2
from the Plan. 9
3

Number each of the 8

4
points on the End 7
5
Elevation. 6

Draw generators from

the apex to the base.

910 11 12 1 23 67 8 9 10 1112
8 7 6 5 4 5 4 3 2 1
Project the points where
the generators on the 11 12
1
Elevation cross the cut
10
onto the End Elevation. 2
9
3
8
Mark each of the points 4
found with a small dot. 7
5
6

910 11 12 1 23 67 8 9 10 1112
8 7 6 5 4 5 4 3 2 1
Complete the End
Elevation by drawing a 


smooth curve through

each of the point and 
then darkening the other
outlines on the view. 


 


910 11 12 1 23 67 8 9 10 1112
8 7 6 5 4 5 4 3 2 1
 Project the points from
the cut on the

Elevation up to the 

correct generator lines 

on the Plan.


(Note that points 6 and

12 will not be able to 

be found at this time.) 

Mark each of the points

found with a small dot

910 11 12 1 23 67 8 9 10 1112
8 7 6 5 4 5 4 3 2 1
Project points 6 and 12
from the End Elevation

onto the correct  
generators on the Plan. 









          

         
To complete the Plan
draw a smooth curve

through each of the 12 

points found. 





 


          

         
Mark the position where
the apex of the
Development will be 

placed. 
 9
Draw the first generator. 
10


11
Draw the base line of the 
Development. 
12

Step off the size to each 

generator point along the 1
base.
2
Number each of the points
found. 3

Draw generator lines from 4

the apex to each of the 5
points on the base.
6
7
 9 8
          
         
It is necessary to find
the ‘true length’ of the
cut points along each 


generator.
 


To find these sizes 

project a line through 
each point on the cut 

of the Elevation to the 


outside generator. 


Mark each of the 

found points with a

small dot.


 
           
         
Measure the distance from
the apex to each point on
the outside generator. 


 

Transfer this size to the 

correct generator on the 
Development. 




Mark each point with a 

small dot. 


Draw a smooth curve
through each point found. 


Darken each of the other 
outlines on the

Development.

 
           
         
Project each of the
points on the cut of the  
 
 
Elevation away at right    

angles to the cut   
 
surface. 




Draw a datum line on 

the True Shape – in 

this case the centre line  

has been chosen. 

Number each of the 

lines projected up to the 
True Shape.



 
           
         
Measure the sizes from
 
the cut points to the 
 

centre line on the Plan 
  

and transfer each of 

 

these sizes to the 
 
correct lines on the 

True Shape. 




Note – These sizes can 

also be measured from 
the End Elevation.


Mark each of the 

points with a small dot. 




 
           
         
To finish the True
 
Shape draw a smooth 
 

  
curve through each of 

  
the points found.  
 
 


The final drawing 

should look like this. 








 
           
         
The given views show the Front Elevation and Plan
of a cut hexagonal prism.

Draw the following views :-

End Elevation
Surface Development of sides
True Shape of cut
Project the outline of the End Elevation from the
Front Elevation and the Plan.
 Number each of the points on each of the views.

1 2

6 3

5 4
1 /2 3 /6 4 /5 6 1 /5 2 /4 3
 Project from the cutting line on the Elevation to find
the cut points on the End Elevation.

Join each of the points to find the cut shape on the

End Elevation
1 2

When you are sure that the view is correct, darken

6 the outlines of the End Elevation.
3

5 4
1 /2 3 /6 4 /5 6 1 /5 2 /4 3
 To draw the Development of the sides of the prism,
project the base line and the height from the Front
Elevation.
Draw a vertical generator to indicate where the
Development will start, and then step out the width
for the six sides. Draw generators through each of
these points.
1 2 Number each of the generators starting with either
the highest point or the lowest point.

6 Project each of the cut points from the Elevation onto

3
the appropriate Development generator and draw
straight lines to indicate the shape of the
Development.
5 4
1 /2 3 /6 4 /5 6 1 /5 2 /4 3

3 4 5 6 1 2 3
 Darken the outlines of the Development.
Add ‘fold lines’ to the Development to indicate
where the corners are.

1 2

6 3

5 4
1 /2 3 /6 4 /5 6 1 /5 2 /4 3

3 4 5 6 1 2 3
 To find the True Shape, project the cut points away
from the Front Elevation at right angles to the cut.
2
Draw a datum line on the True Shape parallel to the
3
1 cut line of the Front Elevation and at right angles to
the lines just projected. Also add a datum line to the
1 2 plan.

4
Measure the vertical distances from the datum to
6 6 3 each of the cut points. Transfer these sizes onto the
5
True Shape.
Number each of the points and join them to produce
5 4 the True Shape.
1 /2 3 /6 4 /5 6 1 /5 2 /4 3

3 4 5 6 1 2 3
 To finish the drawing darken the outlines of the True
2 Shape
3
1

1 2

4
6 6 3
5

5 4
1 /2 3 /6 4 /5 6 1 /5 2 /4 3

3 4 5 6 1 2 3
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