LOAD AND STRESS ANALYSIS

MODULE 6

ISPSC| ABE 154 - MACHINE DESIGN FOR AB PRODUCTION| CF MANLAPIG

MODULE 6 TOPICS
1.Review of Fundamental Stresses
2.Design Factor and Factor of Safety
Mohr Circle
3.Combined Stresses
4.Stress Concentration
Equilibrium
 The word system will be used to denote any isolated part or
portion of a machine or structure—including all of it if desired
—that we wish to study. A system, under this definition, may
consist of a particle, several particles, a part of a rigid body, an
entire rigid body, or even several rigid bodies.
 If we assume that the system to be studied is motionless or, at
most, has constant velocity, then the system has zero
acceleration. Under this condition the system is said to be in
equilibrium. The phrase static equilibrium is also used to
imply that the system is at rest.
 For equilibrium, the forces and moments acting on
the system balance such that:

which states that the sum of all force and the sum of all
moment vectors acting upon a system in equilibrium is zero.
Free-Body Diagrams
 We can greatly simplify the analysis of a very complex
structure or machine by successively isolating each
element and studying and analyzing it by the use of
free-body diagrams.
 Thus, free-body diagramming is essentially a means of
breaking a complicated problem into manageable
segments, analyzing these simple problems, and then,
usually, putting the information together again
FUNDAMENTAL STRESSES
Stress and Strain:
Definition:
• Stress: Stress is a measure of the internal resistance of a material
to deformation under an applied load. It is defined as force per
unit area and is denoted by the symbol σ.
• Strain: Strain is a measure of the deformation of a material
relative to its original size. It is the ratio of the change in
dimension to the original dimension and is often denoted by the
symbol ε.
• Axial Stress: Axial stress, also known as normal stress, is the stress
acting along the axis of a member. It arises from axial loads (tensile or
compressive forces) and is calculated by dividing the applied force by
the cross-sectional area.
• Shear Stress: Shear stress is the stress that acts parallel to the surface
of a material, causing it to deform by sliding layers of the material past
each other.
• Bending Stress: Bending stress is the stress in a beam experiencing
bending moments. It is highest at the outermost fibers of the beam and
decreases towards the neutral axis.
TYPES OF LOADS
1. Dead Load  Dead load refers to the static weight of a structure or a
component. It includes the weight of the structure itself, permanent attachments,
and any other fixed loads.
Example: The dead load of a bridge includes the weight of the bridge deck,
supporting beams, and other permanent components.
2. Live Load  Live load is the dynamic or moving load that a structure
experiences. It represents temporary forces that can vary in magnitude and location.
Example: In a building, live loads include the weight of people, furniture, and
equipment. For a bridge, it may include the weight of vehicles and pedestrians.
3. Wind Load  Wind load is the force exerted by the wind on a structure. It is
especially significant for tall buildings, bridges, and other exposed structures.
Example: Skyscrapers need to be designed to resist wind loads to ensure stability
and safety.
4. Seismic Load  Seismic load is the force exerted on a structure during an
earthquake. It is crucial in earthquake-prone regions.
Example: Buildings in California need to be designed to withstand seismic forces to
minimize damage during an earthquake.
5. Thermal Load  Thermal load results from temperature changes and can cause
expansion or contraction of materials.
Example: Railway tracks are designed to allow for expansion during hot weather and
contraction during cold weather.
TRIVIA

Do you know that

the Eiffel Tower grows about 6
inches taller during the summer?
1. Concentrated Load (Point Load): A concentrated load
is applied at a single point on a structure.
2. Uniform Load: A uniform load is evenly distributed
along the length of a structural element.
3. Distributed Load: A distributed load is spread over a
certain length or area of a structure and can be uniform or
non-uniform.
4. Triangular Load: A triangular load has a varying
intensity, forming a triangular shape.
Name the following Loads
Hooke's Law: Hooke's Law describes the linear relationship between stress
and strain in elastic materials. It states that, within the elastic limit, the stress is
directly proportional to the strain.

Formula: σ=Eε
where:
σ is the stress,
E is the modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus), and
ε is the strain.
 Mohr Circle: is a graphical method used in materials science and
structural engineering to represent stresses and strains on various
planes within a material under different loading conditions.
Mohr Circle is represented on a two-dimensional graph with the
normal stress on one axis and the shear stress on the other.
Points on the circle represent the stress state at different
orientations such as principal stresses, maximum shear stress, and
stress transformation.
 Mohr Circle helps engineers analyze how different orientations of
planes within a material are affected by different loading
conditions.
Design Factor and Factor of Safety Mohr Circle
Design Factor: The design factor is a ratio used in engineering design to account for
uncertainties, variations in material properties, and potential unexpected loads or
conditions. It is calculated by dividing the ultimate strength or maximum load a
structure can withstand by the design load or working load.

Design Factor (DF) = Ultimate Strength / Design Load

A higher design factor indicates a more conservative and safer design. It ensures that
the structure or component has a margin of safety against failure under normal
operating conditions and unforeseen circumstances.
Factor of Safety: The factor of safety (FoS) is a measure of how much a structure or
component is stronger than it needs to be for a particular applied load. It is the ratio of
the ultimate strength to the actual applied load or stress.

Factor of Safety (FoS) = Ultimate Strength / Applied Load or Stress

A higher factor of safety also indicates a safer design. It provides a buffer against
uncertainties in material properties, variations in manufacturing, and unexpected
loads, ensuring that the structure can withstand these without failure.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
 Suppose one truck is parked on a bridge as shown in Figure 1. The
truck weighs 1000 lb which is acting through its center of gravity (CG).
The bridge weighs 200 lbs per feet, which is uniformly distributed. We
can assume the bridge is rigid. We want to know what will be the
reaction forces at the supports of bridge at the two ends.
QUIZ (FINAL TERM)
NO. 1
What is the definition of a system in the context of
structural analysis?
A. A collection of particles
B. A rigid body
C. Any isolated part or portion of a machine or structure
D. Only particles

Answer: C. Any isolated part or portion of a machine or structure

NO. 2
When a system is motionless or has constant velocity,
what is its condition, and what term is used to imply
that the system is at rest?
A. Dynamic equilibrium
B. Zero acceleration
C. Static equilibrium
D. Kinetic equilibrium
Answer: C. Static equilibrium
NO. 3
What is the primary purpose of free-body
diagrams in structural analysis?
A. To complicate complex problems
B. To isolate each element of a structure
C. To simplify the analysis of complex structures
D. To visualize dynamic equilibrium
Answer: C. To simplify the analysis of complex structures
NO. 4
Define stress, σ.
A. Measure of deformation
B. Force per unit area
C. Ratio of change in dimension to original
dimension
D. Measure of external resistance to deformation
Answer: B. Force per unit area
NO. 5
What is the measure of deformation relative to the
original size of a material?
A. Stress
B. Strain
C. Shear stress
D. Bending stress
Answer: B. Strain
NO. 6
Axial stress is also known as
what type of stress?

Normal stress
NO. 7
In Hooke's Law, what is the relationship between
stress and strain within the elastic limit?
A. Inverse proportionality
B. Exponential relationship
C. Direct proportionality
D. No relationship
Answer: C. Direct proportionality
NO. 8
What does the Design Factor (DF) represent in
engineering design?
A. Measure of ultimate strength
B. Ratio accounting for uncertainties
C. Measure of applied load
D. Factor of safety
Answer: B. Ratio accounting for uncertainties
NO. 9
How is the Design Factor (DF) calculated?
A. Design Load / Ultimate Strength
B. Ultimate Strength - Design Load
C. Ultimate Strength / Design Load
D. Design Load * Ultimate Strength

Answer: C. Ultimate Strength / Design Load

NO. 10
What does the Factor of Safety (FoS) measure in
structural design?
A. Ultimate Strength
B. Applied Load
C. Margin of safety
D. Design Load
Answer: C. Margin of safety
NO. 11
 Howis the Factor of Safety
(FoS) calculated? Give the
formula.

FoS = Ultimate Strength / Applied Load or Stress

NO. 12
 What graphical method is used in
materials science and structural
engineering to represent stresses and
strains on various planes within a
material under different loading
conditions?
Mohr Circle
NO. 13
In the Mohr Circle, what do points on the circle represent?
A. Principal stresses
B. Maximum shear stress
C. Stress transformation
D. All of the above
E. A and B only

Answer: D. All of the above

NO. 14
What are the axes in a Mohr Circle graph?
A. Normal stress and bending stress
B. Shear stress and strain
C. Torsional stress and compressive stress
D. Normal stress and shear stress

Answer: D. Normal stress and shear stress

NO. 15
How does a higher factor of safety contribute to design
safety?
A. By increasing applied load
B. By providing a buffer against uncertainties
C. By decreasing ultimate strength
D. By reducing design load
Answer: B. By providing a buffer against uncertainties
PROBLEM SOLVING
 Suppose one honda jazz is parked on a
skyway 25meters long. The car weighs
440.925 lbs which is acting through its
center of gravity. The skyway weighs 105.82
lbs/ft, which is uniformly distributed. What
will be the reaction forces at the supports of
the skyway at the two ends. Use fps system.
THANKS