Project

on

Optical Properties of Fe3O4

Nanoparticles
Author Name: MANOSWINI MAHAPATRA Guide Name: DR. DIPTI SHUKLA
Roll No: 03UG20021006 Associate Professor
VIth Semester Department of Physics, SOS
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Synthesis of Magnetite(Fe3O4) Nanoparticles
3. Structural Properties of Magnetite (Fe3O4)Nanoparticles
4. Electrical Properties of (Fe3O4)Nanoparticles
5. Applications
6. Conclusion
7. Reference
INTRODUCTION
What is Fe3O4?
Fe3O4 occurs as a mineral with a
chemical name Iron (II, III) oxide. It
is also known as Magnetite or
Magnetic oxide. It is stone iron-like,
brownish to grey or black in colour.
It is not transparent and has a
characteristic greasy or metallic
lustre.
What is Nanoparticle?
Nanoparticles are extremely small particles with dimensions typically
ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers. They are often engineered or
synthesized at the nanoscale to possess unique properties and
functionalities.

What is Fe3O4 Nanoparticle?

Fe3O4 nanoparticles, also known as magnetite nanoparticles, are tiny
particles made of iron (III) oxide (Fe3O4). These are typically synthesized
through chemical methods, such as co-precipitation, thermal
decomposition, or hydrothermal synthesis.
Physical Properties of Magnetite (Fe 3O4) Nanoparticles

They possess unique physical properties due to their small size and
large surface area-to-volume ratio. Some of them are:

1. Size
2. Magnetism
3. Surface Area
4. Thermal Stability
5. Optical Properties
6. Dispersion and Agglomeration
SYNTHESIS OR PREPARATION
Raw Materials
1. Iron (II) chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl2·4H2O)

2. Iron (III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O)

3. Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH)

4. Deionized Water

5. Organic Solvent
Final Result
STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES
1. XRD
XRD is a scattering of X-rays by the atoms of a crystal that produces an
interference effect so that the diffraction pattern gives information on
the structure of the crystal or the identity of a crystalline substance.
It can provide valuable information about their crystallographic
properties.
Scherrer Equation: The Scherrer equation is a mathematical formula
used to estimate the average crystallite size of a material based on the
broadening of X-ray diffraction peaks. It is named after the Swiss
physicist Paul Scherrer, who developed the equation in 1918.

The Scherrer equation is given as follows:

By analyzing the XRD pattern and applying the Scherrer equation, size
of magnetite nanoparticles is 16.3 nm
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
Electrical Property of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles based on
Resistance:

Magnetite (Fe3O4) is a ferrimagnetic material with interesting electrical

properties. It is considered a semiconductor, meaning its electrical
conductivity lies between that of a conductor and an insulator. The
resistivity of magnetite nanoparticles can vary depending on factors
such as particle size, temperature, and impurities.
Resistance – Resistance is the opposition that a substance offers to
the flow of electric current. It is represented by R and sometimes
symbolized by the uppercase Greek letter omega Ω.

Resistivity – Resistivity is a measure of the resistance of a given size

of a specific material to electrical conduction and it is an important
parameter for all substances associated with electrical usage, electronic
circuit design, etc.

The electrical property based on the resistivity of magnetite

nanoparticles is primarily determined by their conductivity.
Observation Table
Temperature (in degrees) Resistivity (in ohm meter)
0 12.61
5 6.17
10 00.00
15 00.00
20 00.00
25 2.44
30 3.18
35 2.80
40 1.18
Graphical Representation
Result

In the graph above, 0 to 10 degrees indicates the dielectric in the

middle, then 10-30 degrees show a superconducting medium
and the last 30-40 degrees show a semiconducting medium.
Therefore, we come to the conclusion that a sample of Fe3O4
nanoparticles with a low concentration can be used in various
industrial establishments.
Applications
1. Biomedical Sensing: When exposed to a magnetic field, these
nanoparticles generate a strong signal that can be detected by
an MRI scanner, allowing for enhanced imaging of tissues and
organs.
2. Photothermal Therapy: This property makes them suitable for
photothermal therapy, a technique used to treat cancer
cells.
3. Optical Property: Fe3O4 nanoparticles can be used as optical
sensors for various analytes. By modifying the surface of the
nanoparticles with specific molecules, they can selectively bind
to target analytes, causing changes in their optical properties.
4. Data Storage: Fe3O4 nanoparticles can be used in optical data
storage systems. By manipulating the magnetization of the
nanoparticles using external magnetic fields, information can
be encoded and stored.
5. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs): The optical properties of
Fe3O4 nanoparticles make them suitable for improving the
efficiency and color range of LEDs.
6. Solar Cells: Fe3O4 nanoparticles can be utilized in solar cells
to enhance their light absorption and electron transport
properties.
 CONCLUSION
The optical properties of magnetic nanoparticles have been the
subject of extensive research and investigation. In conclusion,
magnetic nanoparticles possess diverse and tunable optical
properties, making them promising candidates for a wide
range of applications, including biomedicine, sensing, data
storage, and optoelectronics.
REFERENCES
[1] S. A. Wolf, D. D. Awschalom, R. A. Buhrman, J. M. Daughton, S. von
Molnár, M. L. Roukes, A. Y. Chtchelkanova, and D. M. Trager, Science 294,
1488 (2001)
[2] J. J. Versluijs, M. A. Bari, J. M. D. Coey, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 026601
(2001).
[3] Zutic J. Fabian, and S Das Sharma, Rev. Mod. Phys. 76, 323 (2004).
[4] E. J. W. Verwey Nature 144, 327 (1939).
[5] D. T. Margulies, F. T. Parker, M. L. Rudee, F. E. Spada, J. N. Chapman, P.
R. Aitchison, and A. E. Berkowitz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 5162 (1997).
[6] S. K. Arora, R. G. S. Sofin, and I. V. Shvets Phys. Rev. B 72, 134404
(2005).
[7] W. Eerenstein, T. T. M. Palstra, S. S. Saxena, and T. Hibma, Phys.
Rev. Lett. 88, 247204 (2002).
[8] S. Kale, S. M. Bhagat, S. E. Lofland, T. Scabarozi, S. B. Ogale, A.
Orozco, S. R. Shinde, and T. Venkatesan and B. Hannoyer, Phys Rev B
64, 205413 (2001).
[9] D. M. Phase, Shailja Tiwari, Ram Prakash, Aditi Dubey, V. G. Sathe
and R. J. Choudhary, J. Appl. Phys. 100,123703 (2006).
[10] S. B. Ogale, K. Ghosh, R. P. Sharma, R. L. Greene, R. Ramesh, and
T. Venkatesan. Phys. Rev. B 57, 7823(1998).
[11] S. Tiwari, R. J. Choudhary, Ram Prakash, and D. M. Phase, J. Phys.
Cond. Mat. 19, 176002 (2007).
[12] Y.X. Lu, J.S. Claydon and Y.B. Xu, Phys. Rev. B 70, 233304
(2004).
[13] S. M. Watts, C. Boothnan, S. van Dijken and J.M.D. Coey, Appl.
Phys. Lett. 86, 212108 (2005).
[14] S. M. Watts, C. Boothnan, S. van Dijken and J.M.D. Coey, J.
Appl. Phys. 95, 7465 (2004).
[15] R. J. Kennedy and P.A. Stampe, J. Phys. D 32,16 (1999).
[16] E. J. Preisler, J. Brooke, N. C. Oldham, and T. C. McGill, J. Vac.
Sci. Technol. B 21, 1745 (2003).
[17] Y. X. Lu, J. S. Claydon and Y. B. Xu, J. Appl. Phys. 95, 7228
(2004).
[18] A. Barbieri, W. Weiss, M.A. Van Hove and G.A. Somorjai,
Surf. Sci. 302, 259 (1994).
[19] C. Ruby, B. Humbert, and J. Fusy, Surf. Interface Anal. 29,
377 (2000).
[20] Y. Gao and S. A. Chambers, J. Cryst. Growth 174, 446 (1997).
[21] T. Fujii, F. M. F. De Groot, G. A. Sawatzky, F. C. Voogt, T.
Hibma, and K. Okada, Phys. Rev. B 59, 3195 (1999).
[22] A. Kazlowaski, R. J. Rasmussen, J. E. Sabol, P. Metacalf, and
J. M Honig, Phys. Rev. B 48, 2057 (1993).
[23] N. F. Mott and E. A. Davies, Electron process in Noncrystalline
Materials, (Oxford: Charendon, 1979), N. F. Mott, Metal- Insulator
Transitions (London: Taylor and Francis, 1990).
[24] G. Q. Gong, A. Gupta, G. Xiao, W. Qian and V. P. Dravid, Phys. Rev. B
56, 5096 (1997).
[25] B. I. Shklovskii and A. I. Efros, Electronic properties of Doped
semiconductors, (Berlin: Springer, 1984).
[26] X. J. Chen, C. L. Zhang, J. Gardiner, L. Sarrao and C. C. Almasan, Phys.
Rev. B 68, 64405 (2003).
THANK YOU