Introduction

Statement
of the
Problem

Significance of
the Study Efficiency During Pandemic Times: A
Proposal of Structural Design
Results &
Discussion
Implementation for Warehouse
Related Literature
Projects
Conclusions
Venancio R. Diomampo, Jr.
Recommen Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
dations Mapua Institute of Technology, 2017

Master of Engineering Program

Scope and Civil Engineering
Limitations
PRACTICUM FINAL DEFENSE

End
Introduction Proposal Defense Panel Revisions/ Recommendations
Statement
of the
Problem Engr. Divina Gonzales - expound on how ulitization ratio/demand-capacity ratio can be a basis for
the efficiency of the materials
Significance of
the Study p. 37

- state initially that roofing part of the warehouse model will always be structural steel
Results &
Discussion p. 32

Conclusions Engr. Villaverde - consider also installation cost and construction time as parameter for comparison
to determine the most efficient between Steel, Reinforced Concrete and Precast
Related Literature
Recommen
dations pp. 54-60

Scope and
Dr. Dante Silva - In the specific objectives, define specifically the terms "materials" "properties" and
Limitations "parameters" In the conceptual framework, clarify where material properties will be coming from
i.e. supplier
End
p. 3 , 24
Introduction INTRODUCTION
Statement
Statement
• The COVID-19 Pandemic has affected a lot of industries including the construction
ofthe
of the industry.
Problem
Problem
• A design and build/developer company PMI mainly uses structural steel for the
Related structural framing of its warehouse projects. However, the pandemic imposes
Significance
Literature/ of difficulties in the supply of its materials which are coming from abroad.
the Study
Studies
• While local suppliers can still be an option, we find this time as an opportunity to
Theoretical
Framework
propose new design implementation which can utilize materials for the company’s
Results & warehouse projects that are easy to obtain and can have more efficiency in terms of
Discussion
Conceptual structural performance and cost.Related Literature
Framework
• Examples of such stated materials that can be considered as alternative are
Conclusions
Methodological
reinforced concrete and precast reinforced concrete.
Framework
Recommen
dations
Significance of
the Study
Scope and
Limitations
Scope and
Limitations

End
End
Figure 1.1 Structural Steel Figure 1.2 Reinforced Concrete Figure 1.3 Precast Reinforced Concrete
 INTRODUCTION
Introduction

Statement
Statement
of
ofthe
the
Problem
Problem

Related&
Results
Literature/
Discussion
Studies

Theoretical
Significance
Frameworkof
the Study Figure 2.1 Architectural Drawing of Proposed Warehouse

Conceptual Related Literature

Framework
Conclusions
Methodological
Framework
Recommen
dations
Significance of
the Study
Scope and
Limitations
Scope and
Limitations

End
End
Figure 2.2 Structural Warehouse Geometrical Model
 Introduction
Introduction STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Statement
of the The main objective of this study is to determine the most efficient material between
Problem structural steel, reinforced concrete and precast reinforced concrete in the design of a
Related warehouse project.
Significance
Literature/ of
the Study
Studies

Theoretical
Specifically, this study will address the following:
Framework
Results &
Discussion
Conceptual Related Literature
1. Conduct a literature review to determine the parameters (Utilization
Framework
Conclusions Ratio/”Demand/Capacity ratio, Drift, Base Shear) of the structural model. ( Revision p. 3)
Methodological
Framework 2. Develop a structural model of the warehouse project using STAAD software.
Recommen
dations 3. Perform Equivalent Static Analysis for the design and analysis of the STAAD model.
Significance of
the Study
Scope and
4. Perform comparison between the Structural Steel, Reinforced Concrete and Precast
Limitations
Scope and Concrete Structural Framing (Beams, Columns ) on the results of the design and analysis.
Limitations
5. Draw conclusions on the most efficient among Structural Steel, Reinforced Concrete
End
End and Precast Concrete Structural Framing.
 Introduction
Introduction SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Statement
Statement
ofthe
of the • The structural performance of the commonly used steel has not been compared with other materials.
Problem
Problem

Related • The proposal of another efficient alternative structural material for the warehouse projects can benefit
Significance
Literature/ of
the Study
Studies the company in various ways.
Theoretical
Framework • This study will give a basis of comparison and can help determine the most efficient material between
Results &
Discussion
Conceptual structural steel, reinforced concreteRelated Literature
and precast reinforced concrete in the design of a warehouse
Framework
Conclusions project.
Methodological
Framework
Recommen • Validity of the efficiency of each material will give structural engineers in the design and/or
dations
Significance of
the Study construction department of the company the option to rely on alternative structural material for the
Scope and
Limitations
Scope and warehouse projects.
Limitations

End
End
 Introduction
Introduction
Results & Discussion

Statement
of the
Problem Utilization Ratio or “Demand/Capacity” Ratio ( Revision p. 37)

Related
Significance
Literature/ of The utilization ratio or demand/capacity ratio was utilized in this study as a way to determine the most economical section of
the Study
Studies
the material’s structural framing member without exceeding the limit of the value of 1.0, thus considering the member “safe”
Theoretical
Framework
Results & according to code provisions. It is also defined as the way of determining that the actual force (Demand) does not exceed the
Discussion
Conceptual allowable force (Capacity) for the material’s member depending on the section assigned. The most economical section for
Framework
Conclusions each material’s structural framing member was obtained because of the usual request of the clients to go for the most
Methodological
Framework economical design for a project.
Recommen
dations
Significance of
the Study
Scope and
Limitations
Scope and
Limitations

End
End
 Utilization Ratio or “Demand/Capacity” Ratio
Introduction
Introduction
Initial Section/Size - W12x30
Statement
of the
Problem
Bending Moment Capacity = 100 KN-M
Axial Load Capacity = 80 KN
Related
Significance
Literature/ of
the Study
Studies

Theoretical Column Section

Framework
Results & “CAPACITY” or “ALLOWABLE LOAD”
Discussion Bending Moment, M. = 70 KN-M
Conceptual
Framework
Axial Load, P = 50 KN For Bending,
Conclusions
Methodological
70
Framework Actual = = 0.7
Recommen
dations Allowable 100
Significance of Governing
the Study “DEMAND” or “ACTUAL LOAD” For Axial, Utilization Ratio
Scope and
Limitations
Scope and Actual 50
Limitations = = 0.625
Allowable 80
End
End
 Utilization Ratio or “Demand/Capacity” Ratio
Introduction
Introduction
Initial Section/Size - W10x25
Statement
of the
Problem
Bending Moment Capacity = 68
Axial Load Capacity = 60
Related
Significance
Literature/ of
the Study
Studies

Theoretical Column Section

Framework
Results & “CAPACITY” or “ALLOWABLE LOAD”
Discussion Bending Moment, M. = 70 KN-M
Conceptual
Framework
Axial Load, P = 50 KN For Bending,
Conclusions
Methodological
70
Framework Actual = = 1.03
Recommen
dations Allowable 68
Significance of Governing
the Study “DEMAND” or “ACTUAL LOAD” For Axial, Utilization Ratio
Scope and
Limitations
Scope and Actual 50
Limitations = = 0.83
Allowable 60 Therefore, use W12x30
End
as the most economical
End size
 Stuctural Steel Framing
Introduction
Introduction

Statement
of the
Problem

Related
Significance
Literature/ of
the Study
Studies

Theoretical
Framework
Results &
Discussion
Conceptual
Framework
Figure 3.1 Model of the Structural Steel Framing of the Warehouse
Conclusions Figure 3.2 STAAD Model showing the Utilization Ratio Results

Methodological
Framework
Recommen
dations
Significance of
the Study
Scope and
Limitations
Scope and
Limitations

End
End Figure 3.3 Cross-Section of the Columns Figure 3.4 Obtained Cross-Section of the Roof Beams Figure 3.5 Cross-Section of the Side Beams
 Stuctural Steel Framing
Introduction
Introduction

Statement
of the
Problem

Related
Significance
Literature/ of
the Study
Studies

Theoretical
Framework
Results &
Discussion
Conceptual
Framework
Conclusions Figure 3.1 Model of the Structural Steel Framing of the
Methodological Figure 3.2 STAAD Model showing the Utilization Ratio Results
Warehouse
Framework
Recommen
Structural Framing Member Most Economical Section/Size Highest Utilization Ratio or
dations
Significance of
Demand/Capacity
the Study
Scope and Column W18x119 0.957
Limitations
Scope and
Limitations Roof Beam W12x35 0.743

Side Beam W12x40 0.741

End Table 3.1 Most Economical Section/Size of the Members Highest Utilization Ratio
End
Obtained
 Reinforced Concrete Framing
Introduction
Introduction

Statement
of the
Problem

Related
Significance
Literature/ of
the Study
Studies

Theoretical
Framework
Results &
Figure 3.7 Cross-Section of the Columns
Discussion
Conceptual
Figure 3.6 Model of the Reinforced Concrete Framing of the Warehouse
Framework
Conclusions
Methodological
Framework
Recommen
dations
Significance of
the Study
Scope and
Limitations
Scope and
Limitations

End
End Figure 3.8 Cross-Section of the Roof Beams
Figure 3.9 Cross-Section of the Side Beams
 Reinforced Concrete Framing
Introduction
Introduction

Statement
of the
Problem

Related
Significance
Literature/ of
the Study
Studies

Theoretical
Framework
Results &
Discussion
Conceptual
Figure 3.6 Model of the Reinforced Concrete Framing of the Warehouse
Framework
Conclusions Reinforced Concrete Framing Most Economical Section/Size No. and Size of Main Reinforcement Highest Utilization Ratio

Methodological Member or Demand/Capacity

Framework
Recommen
dations
Significance of Column 0.55m x 0.55m 24- 25 mm dia. 0.654
the Study
Roof Beam 0.3m x 0.15m 2-12mm dia. Top Bars 2-12mm dia. 0.43
Scope and
Bot.Bars
Limitations
Scope and
Limitations
Side Beam 0.3m x 0.15m 2-12mm dia. Top Bars 2-12mm dia. 0.4

End Bot.Bars
End
Table 3.2 Most Economical Section/Size of the Members, No. of Size of Rebars and Highest Utilization Ratio
 Precast Concrete Framing
Introduction
Introduction

Statement
of the
Problem

Related
Significance
Literature/ of
the Study
Studies

Theoretical
Framework
Results &
Discussion
Conceptual
Figure 3.11 Cross-Section of the Columns
Framework Figure 3.10 Model of the Precast Concrete Framing of the Warehouse

Conclusions
Methodological
Framework
Recommen
dations
Significance of
the Study
Scope and
Limitations
Scope and
Limitations

End
End Figure 3.12 Obtained Cross-Section Details of the Roof Beams Figure 3.13 Obtained Cross-Section Details of the Side Beams
 Precast Concrete Framing
Introduction
Introduction

Statement
of the
Problem

Related
Significance
Literature/ of
the Study
Studies

Theoretical
Framework
Results &
Discussion
Conceptual
Framework Figure 3.10 Model of the Precast Concrete Framing of the Warehouse

Conclusions Structural Framing Member Most Economical Section/Size No. and Size of Main Reinforcement Highest Utilization Ratio
Methodological
or Demand/Capacity
Framework
Recommen
dations
Significance of Column 0.5m x 0.5m 24- 25 mm dia. 0.731
the Study
Roof Beam 0.3m x 0.15m 2-12mm dia. Top Bars 2-12mm dia. 0.2
Scope and
Limitations
Scope and Bot.Bars
Limitations
Side Beam 0.3m x 0.15m 2-12mm dia. Top Bars 2-12mm dia. 0.17

End Bot.Bars
End
Table 3.3 Most Economical Section/Size of the Members, No. of Size of Rebars and Highest Utilization Ratio Obtained
 Introduction
Introduction
Drift
Statement
of the The drift of a structure determines the lateral joint displacements of the structure. The drift can be necessary to
Problem
be considered because the lateral displacements can affect the cladding and other architectural components,
Related
Significance
Literature/ of (glasses, wood, metal ). It is also essential to be considered especially when the structure is constructed next to
the Study
Studies

Theoretical another building or structure. For this study, braces are not considered in order to determine the absolute or bare
Framework
Results &
Discussion drift performance of the material without additional components.
Conceptual
Framework
Conclusions
Methodological
Framework
Recommen
dations
Significance of
the Study
Scope and
Limitations
Scope and
Limitations

End
End
 Introduction
Introduction Stuctural Steel Framing

Statement
of the
Problem

Related
Significance
Literature/ of
the Study
Studies

Theoretical
Framework
Results &
Discussion
Conceptual
Framework
Figure 3.14 STAAD Drift Check Results per Load Combination Assigned
Conclusions
Methodological
Framework
Recommen Highest Displacement in x Highest Displacement in z Drift Check
dations
Significance of direction, cm direction, cm
the Study
Scope and 0.0221 0.1002 PASS
Limitations
Scope and
Limitations
Table 3.4 Drift Results for Structural Steel

End
End
 Introduction
Introduction Reinforced Concrete Framing

Statement
of the
Problem

Related
Significance
Literature/ of
the Study
Studies

Theoretical
Framework
Results &
Discussion
Conceptual Figure 3.15 STAAD Drift Check Results per Load Combination Assigned
Framework
Conclusions
Methodological
Framework Highest Displacement in x Highest Displacement in z Drift Check
Recommen
dations direction, cm direction, cm
Significance of
the Study 0.0177 0.1071 PASS
Scope and
Limitations
Scope and Table 3.5 Drift Results for Reinforced Concrete Framing
Limitations

End
End
 Introduction
Introduction Precast Concrete Framing

Statement
of the
Problem

Related
Significance
Literature/ of
the Study
Studies

Theoretical
Framework
Results &
Discussion
Conceptual
Framework Figure 3.16 STAAD Drift Check Results per Load Combination Assigned
Conclusions
Methodological
Framework Highest Displacement in x Highest Displacement in z Drift Check
Recommen
dations direction, cm direction, cm
Significance of
the Study 0.0173 0.2120 PASS
Scope and
Limitations
Scope and Table 3.6 Drift Results for Precast Reinforced Concrete Framing
Limitations

End
End
 Introduction
Introduction Drift Comparison

Statement
of the
Problem

Related
Significance
Literature/ of
the Study
Studies

Theoretical
Framework
Results &
Discussion
Conceptual
Framework
Conclusions
Methodological
Framework
Recommen
dations
Significance of Figure 3.17 Drift Comparison Graph in x-direction Figure 3.18 Drift Comparison Graph in z-direction
the Study
Scope and
Limitations
Scope and
Limitations

End
End
 Introduction
Introduction
Base Shear
Statement
of the The base shear of a structure is the expected maximum lateral force on the base of a structure in case of a
Problem
seismic activity. The base shear value determines the force a structure needs to resist in case of an
Related
Significance
Literature/ of
the Study
earthquake. The lesser the base shear value is, the better it is in terms of its performance against an
Studies

Theoretical earthquake.
Framework
Results &
Discussion
Conceptual
Framework
Conclusions
Methodological
Framework
Recommen
dations
Significance of
the Study
Scope and
Limitations
Scope and
Limitations

End
End
 Introduction
Introduction Stuctural Steel Framing

Statement
of the
Problem

Related
Significance
Literature/ of
the Study
Studies

Theoretical
Framework
Results &
Discussion Figure 3.19 STAAD Base Shear Results for Structural Steel
Conceptual
Framework
Conclusions
Methodological
Framework
Recommen Base Shear Value 102.80 KN
dations
Significance of
the Study Table 3.7 Base Shear Result for Structural Steel

Scope and
Limitations
Scope and
Limitations

End
End
 Introduction
Introduction Reinforced Concrete Framing

Statement
of the
Problem

Related
Significance
Literature/ of
the Study
Studies

Theoretical
Framework
Results &
Discussion Figure 3.20 STAAD Base Shear Results for Reinforced Concrete
Conceptual
Framework
Conclusions
Methodological
Framework
Recommen Base Shear Value 187.37 KN
dations
Significance of Table 3.8 Base Shear Result for Reinforced Concrete Framing
the Study
Scope and
Limitations
Scope and
Limitations

End
End
 Introduction
Introduction Precast Concrete Framing

Statement
of the
Problem

Related
Significance
Literature/ of
the Study
Studies

Theoretical
Framework
Results &
Discussion
Conceptual
Framework
Figure 3.21 STAAD Base Shear Results for Precast Concrete
Conclusions
Methodological
Framework
Recommen
dations Base Shear Value 168.77 KN
Significance of
the Study
Table 3.9 Base Shear Result for Precast Concrete Framing
Scope and
Limitations
Scope and
Limitations

End
End
 Introduction
Introduction Base Shear Comparison

Statement
of the
Problem

Related
Significance
Literature/ of
the Study
Studies

Theoretical
Framework
Results &
Discussion
Conceptual
Framework
Conclusions
Methodological
Framework
Recommen
dations
Significance of
the Study
Figure 3.22 Base Shear Value Comparison Graph
Scope and
Limitations
Scope and
Limitations

End
End
 Introduction
Introduction Material Cost

Statement
of the
Problem

Related
Significance
Literature/ of
the Study
Studies

Theoretical
Framework
Results &
Discussion
Conceptual Figure 3.23 Material Cost of Structural Steel Figure 3.24 Material Cost of Reinforced Concrete
Framework
Conclusions
Methodological
Framework
Recommen
dations
Significance of
the Study
Scope and
Limitations
Scope and
Limitations

End
End
Figure 3.25 Material Cost of Precast Concrete
Installation/Construction
Introduction Cost ( Revision p. 54-60)
Introduction

Statement
of the
Problem

Related
Significance
Literature/ of
the Study
Studies

Theoretical
Framework
Results &
Discussion
Conceptual
Framework
Conclusions
Methodological
Framework
Recommen
dations
Significance of
the Study
Scope and
Limitations
Scope and
Limitations

End
End
 Introduction
Introduction
Total Cost Comparison
Statement
of the
Problem

Related
Significance
Literature/ of
the Study
Studies

Theoretical
Framework
Results &
Discussion
Conceptual
Framework
Conclusions
Methodological
Framework
Recommen
dations
Significance of
the Study
Scope and Figure 3.29 Total Cost Comparison Graph

Limitations
Scope and
Limitations

End
End
 Introduction
Introduction Construction Time

Statement The construction time for each material was determined with an ideal planned schedule.
of the
Problem

Related
Significance
Literature/ of
the Study
Studies

Theoretical
Framework
Results &
Discussion
Conceptual
Framework
Conclusions
Methodological
Framework
Recommen
dations
Significance of
the Study
Scope and
Limitations
Scope and Figure 3.30 Ideal Planned Schedule for Structural Steel Framing
Limitations

End
End
 Introduction
Introduction Construction Time

Statement
of the
Problem

Related
Significance
Literature/ of
the Study
Studies

Theoretical
Framework
Results &
Discussion
Conceptual
Framework
Conclusions
Methodological
Framework
Recommen
dations
Significance of
the Study
Scope and
Limitations
Scope and
Limitations

End
End
 Introduction
Introduction Construction Time

Statement
of the
Problem

Related
Significance
Literature/ of
the Study
Studies

Theoretical
Framework
Results &
Discussion
Conceptual
Framework
Conclusions
Methodological
Framework
Recommen
dations
Significance of
the Study Figure 3.33 Ideal Planned Schedule for Precast Concrete Framing
Scope and
Limitations
Scope and
Limitations

End
End
 Introduction
Introduction
Construction Time Comparison

Statement
of the
Problem

Related
Significance
Literature/ of
the Study
Studies

Theoretical
Framework
Results &
Discussion
Conceptual
Framework
Conclusions
Methodological
Framework
Recommen
dations
Significance of
the Study
Scope and
Limitations
Scope and Figure 3.34 Construction Time Comparison Graph

Limitations

End
End
 Introduction
Introduction Conclusions

Statement
The primary objective of this study is to determine the efficiency of structural steel, reinforced concrete, and precast concrete as materials for the structural framing of the
of the
Problem company’s typical warehouse projects in terms of structural performance and cost and also, to provide a possible efficient alternative material for the company’s warehouse

projects other than the usual structural steel and also to prove a basis of comparison when choosing a material for the structural framing of a warehouse. Based on the analysis
Related
Significance
Literature/ of and output of this study, the conclusions were:
the Study
Studies
 In terms of cost, Reinforced Concrete framing is the option of material if one is going for the cheapest structural framing for a warehouse.
Theoretical
Framework Precast Concrete framing however, because its cost is relatively not that different from Reinforced Concrete (having a difference of an estimated
Results &
Discussion PHP 275,000), can also be an alternative option especially when time of construction is considered. Structural Steel remains to have the largest
Conceptual
cost with a difference of almost PHP 800,000 from Reinforced Concrete.
Framework
Conclusions  The obtained seismic base shear values denote that the Structural Steel framing (having the lowest base shear value of 102.8 KN) best performs
Methodological
when the location of the warehouse is near a seismic fault line.
Framework
Recommen
dations  The drift results show that Reinforced Concrete Framing performs best when resisting lateral force in terms of lateral displacement. However,
Significance of
the Study the drift performance for all materials can still be improved by additional cross-braces with a relatively minimal additional cost.

Scope and
 The acquired timelines of the construction/installation for each material show that Structural Steel is the fastest to construct (30 days), not far
Limitations
Scope and
Limitations from the time of construction Precast Concrete framing takes with about a difference of 10 days. Reinforced Concrete takes the longest time to

construct ( 60 days ).
End
End
 Introduction
Introduction Conclusions

Statement
of the
Problem
 It can be concluded that Precast Concrete framing is the most efficient when one is going for a
Related
Significance
Literature/ of relatively low costing, fast time to construct warehouse framing with a structural performance
the Study
Studies

Theoretical (base shear and drift) that can compete with other materials especially when the warehouse is not
Framework
Results &
Discussion located near a fault line ( high seismic zone).
Conceptual
Framework
Conclusions
Methodological
Framework
Recommen
dations
Significance of
the Study
Scope and
Limitations
Scope and
Limitations

End
End
 Introduction
Introduction
Recommendations
Statement
of the
Problem

Related
Significance  Future studies be performed when location of a warehouse project is near a seismic faultline ( less
Literature/ of
the Study
Studies
than 1.0 km) with a high magnitude of 7.0 or above.
Theoretical
Framework  Performance Based Design (PBD) method of analysis and design be conducted ( Pushover
Results &
Discussion
Conceptual Analysis, Time History Analysis )
Framework
Conclusions  Warehouses with heavy equipment and machines with high vibration ( e.g. gantry crane) will be
Methodological
Framework
Recommen the structure of subject for material comparison.
dations
Significance of
the Study
Scope and
Limitations
Scope and
Limitations

End
End
 Introduction
Introduction SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
Statement
Statement
ofthe
of the • Comparison of structural performance are based only on selected necessary parameters
Problem
Problem
• Cost estimates are based on local commercial prices only
Related
Significance
Literature/ of
• Method of analysis is limited to Equivalent Static Analysis
the Study
Studies

Theoretical
Framework
Results &
Discussion
Conceptual Related Literature
Framework
Conclusions
Methodological
Framework
Recommen
dations
Significance of
the Study
Scope and
Limitations
Scope and
Limitations

End
End
 Introduction
Introduction

Statement
Statement
ofthe
of the
Problem
Problem

Related
Significance
Literature/ of
the Study
Studies

Theoretical
Framework
Results & THANK YOU!!
Discussion
Conceptual Related Literature
Framework
Conclusions
Methodological
Framework
Recommen
dations
Significance of
the Study
Scope and
Limitations
Scope and
Limitations

End
End