GREECE

• Was not a unified nation – a

set of several hundred city-
states constantly vying with
each other and forming
alliances called leagues.
GREEK PERIODS
• Minoan age 2000 BC – 1400 BC
• Mycenaean age 1100 BC – 600 BC
• The Dark ages 600 BC – 750 BC
• Archaic Period 750 BC – 500 BC
• Classical period 500 BC – 336 BC
• Hellenistic period 336 BC – 146 BC
Supplemental Movies / readings
MINOAN AND MYCENAEAN
CIVILISATIONS OF GREECE
 EARLIEST GREEK
CIVILISATIONS

A E AN S
MYCEN ycenae
,M
Mainland

MIN
Islan OANS
d of C
ete r
MINOAN CIVILISATION
MINOAN CIVILISATION
MINOANS 2000 B.C.

• Developed one of the earliest

Mediterranean civilizations based on
the island of Crete

• Named after the ruler, King Minos

• Sea-faring people
MINOAN RELIGION
• Polytheists – worshipped many gods,
including bulls, snakes, men, and
women.

• Bull leaping or bull fighting was

both a religious ceremony and a sport.

Bulls seem to be sacred to

Minoans
MINOAN ART
• Frescoes – paintings done in wet
plaster or cement.

• Friezes – large horizontal paintings

often found on walls

These were found in Minoan palaces.

Dolphin fresco at Palace of King Minos, Knossos

MINOAN
ARCHITECTURE
• Palaces have complete plumbing and
drainage system

• Multi-level structure with complex

layout of rooms and passageways.

• No walls protecting the palace of

Minos
• Principal suit is a Megaron
• Set up in a Citadel Palace of King Minos at Knossos
PALACE OF KNOSSOS

• were inscribed with Knosion or Knos on

the obverse and an image of a Minotaur
in the Labyrinth on the reverse, both
symbols deriving from the myth.
PALACE OF KNOSSOS
PALACE OF KNOSSOS
• Throne room is the most important area of the palace
PALACE OF KNOSSOS

THRON
E
PALACE OF KNOSSOS
• GRIFFIN ( Bird Headed Lion)
• Minotaur ( Bull )
PALACE OF KNOSSOS

Mycenean
column, slender
and tapered
sharply
downwards.
MINOAN BELIEFS AND CULTURE

• Influenced Greek thinking, language, social

organization, and economic pursuits

• The Minoan culture is where Greek culture got its

beginnings.
MINOAN DECLINE THEORIES:

1. Some believed that a volcanic eruption or natural disaster buried

the island of Crete, perishing the Minoans.

2. Some believed that invasions from the Greek mainland were the
cause of their decline.
MYCENAEAN CIVILISATION
MYCENEA

• Union city of Minoans &

Mycenaeans

• Located at mainland
Greece.
MYCENAEANS 1100 B.C.
• Earliest MAINLAND Greek
civilization.

• Named after the fortress-city,

Mycenae

• Mycenae was also called The

Peloponnesus

• War-like people
MYCENAEAN RELIGION 2 types of dieties

• Nature Gods
• Mixture of Minoan influences
and local dieties or Gods.
• Predecessors of Olympian gods and
goddesses
MYCENAEAN
ARCHITECTURE
• Some architectural developments were also adapted from Minoans.

• Some were adopted from trade centres ex. Tyrins, Pylos, Thebes,
Midea, Argos, Sparta, Athens, etc.
4 METHODS OF WALLING SURFACE
1. CYCLOPEAN- A masonry made-up of huge stone blocks laid mortar
4 METHODS OF WALLING SURFACE
2. POLYGONAL – Masonry constructed with stones having polygonal faces
4 METHODS OF WALLING SURFACE
3. RECTANGULAR- Block of stone cut into rectangular shapes
4 METHODS OF WALLING SURFACE
4. INCLINED BLOCKS
EG. CORBEL ARCH- a false corbeling courses from each side of an opening until they
meet at a midpoint.
MYCENAEAN ARCHITECTURE
CHARACTERISTICS

• Low Pitch or Roof

• Stairway was developed for vertical circulation
• MEGARON is the principal building type and major
ceremonial space
MYCENAEAN ARCHITECTURE
Mycenaean structures:

• Megaron
• Tombs
• Gateway
• Dams for flood management
MEGARON areas
• Enclosed porch

• Living area / court area

• Thalamus / sleeping room

• Main Domestic unit of the Myceneans

MEGARON
• Semi-independent
building unit, typical
rectangular principal
chamber with a center
hearth and a porch.
• Believed to be ancestor
of Doric temple
MEGARON
MEGARON
Examples of MYCENAEAN
Architecture

GATE OF LIONS

• Most Ancient Stone

Sculpture in Europe
• The space of the arch is
filled by a triangular
stone with relief
sculpture of two lions.
 Cyclopean walls
Corbeled arch Post and Lintel
Examples of MYCENAEAN
Architecture

GATE OF LIONS

• Entrance to the citadel

of Mycenae
MYCENEA TOMB
• Treasury of Atreus/Agamemnon

Mounded in a hillside

Transitional
space:Dromos
MYCENEA TOMB
• THOLOS / THOLOI – A stone vaulted, shaped like an old fashion
beehive.
DROMOS- a Long deep
passageway into ancient
subterranean tomb

Pre-Roman Vaulted
construction

SHAFT GRAVE- Consisting

of a deep rectangular cut into
sloping rock a roof stone
MYCENEA TOMB
MYCENEA TOMB

• GRAVE
ENTRANCE
MYCENEA TOMB
INTERIOR imitating the dome of heaven
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
MYCENAEAN
MINOANS
S
Sea-faring people War-like people
Lack of warriors Many warriors
No fortifications Strong fortifications (cyclopean
walls)

Created opportunities for strong Weak women

women

Polytheism- Earth goddess and Adopted Minoan religion and arts

bulls
Labyrinth walls Central units
HELLENIC
PERIOD
Alexander the Great (356–323
BCE), son of
Philip II of Macedon, assumed the
kingship
over the newly consolidated
mainland
Greece after his father’s death,
continuing
his expansionary policies.
ATHENS
• capital and largest city of Greece
• sprawls across the central plain of
Attica that is often referred to as the
Athens or Attica Basin
• bounded by four large mountains:
Mount Aigaleo to the west, Mount
Parnitha to the north, Mount Pentelicus
to the northeast and Mount Hymettus to
the east
• mountains cause a temperature
inversion phenomenon which was
responsible for the air pollution
problems the city has faced
ATHENS
• ATHENS as its center kingdom
contains the upper city known as
“ACROPOLIS”
• Birth of formal Politics (democracy) in
the leadership of Pericles
• Under the Patronage of goddess of
Wisdom, Athena
ATHENS
• Phidias, Athena Parthenos in the cella
of the Parthenon on the Acropolis, 438
BCE
• Model of the lost chryselephantine
statue of Athena
• 38 feet tall, gold and ivory, fully armed
and holding Nike (victory) in her hand
CHARACTERISTICS
• TRABEATED SYSTEM
• Composed from a series of vertical
posts and horizontal transfer beams
• Symbolic language integrated with a
building’s proportional (and structural)
logic
• As seen in the Temple of Hera I,
Paestum, Italy
CHARACTERISTICS
• PERISTASIS
• a single or double row of columns
forming an external envelope and
providing structural support
• Seen in the Temple of Zeus at the
important Greek colony of Cyrene
CHARACTERISTICS
• Isolated Temple
• Called “temenos” sacred landscape
• People other than priests rarely entered
temples
• Temples were almost always oriented
east-west
• Seen in the Temple of Concordia,
Sicily
CHARACTERISTICS
• Proportion
• Defined both plan and elevation, and
the choice and size of the order
employed determined all succeeding
scales and ratios
• Various optical refinements were used
to reconcile the rigid geometry to the
distorting effects of human vision as
seen in the Parthenon
CHARACTERISTICS
• Proportion
• Various optical refinements were used
to reconcile the rigid geometry to the
distorting effects of human vision as
seen in the Parthenon
• Mathematically based art according to
Pythagoras
• Numbers were an expression of
fundamental language that linked
humans and gods.
CHARACTERISTICS
• Proportion
• The absolute value of this quantity (≈
0.618)
CHARACTERISTICS
• Sculpture
• Seen in metopes, friezes and pediments
and also for freestanding sculptures,
either inside a temple or a top its
pediment, called acroteria
• Extraordinary ‘Gigantomachy’ frieze of
the Pergamon Altar is one of the high
points of Hellenistic sculpture,
inextricably tied to its architectural
setting
CHARACTERISTICS
• Architectural Planning
• In Hellenistic cities, urbanism and
architecture begin to overlap for the
first time. Theaters, temples, villas,
palaces, libraries, stadia, and streets are
all equally important in such
Hellenistic cities as
• Priene, Pergamon, Alexandria, Dura-
Europos, Delos, and Rhodes.
• Grid planning
CHARACTERISTICS
• Architectural
Planning
• Priene, Pergamon,
Alexandria, Dura-
Europos, Delos,
and Rhodes.
• Grid planning
CHARACTERISTICS
• ORDERS
• Most significant innovation of ancient
Greek architecture and the principal
components of a classical building, the
orders are formed of a base, shaft,
capital and entablature
• Each has its own proportional system
and symbolic attributes
GREEK Orders
and the Building
Anatomy
GREEK Orders
and the Building Anatomy

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio aka Vitruvius

GREEK Orders
and the Building Anatomy

1 PEDIMENT

2 ENTABLATURE

3 COLUMN / COLONADE

4 CREPADOMA
GREEK TEMPLES Pediment
ACROTERIUM/ANTIFIXAE

RAKING SIMA

RAKING GEISON
TYMPANUM

HORIZONTAL GEISON
GREEK TEMPLES Pediment
A

R
T

H
GREEK TEMPLES Pediment
1.

2.

3.
4.

5.
 DORIC ORDER
• Characterized the
Masculinity, Strength
and Solidity

• Meander or fret
ornamentation

•
GREEK TEMPLES ENTABLATURE
GREEK TEMPLES ENTABLATURE

A
GREEK TEMPLES ENTABLATURE

3
GREEK TEMPLES ENTABLATURE

MUTULE

TRYGLYPH

METOPE

TAENIA

REGULA
GREEK TEMPLES ENTABLATURE

R
GREEK TEMPLES ENTABLATURE

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
GREEK TEMPLES ENTABLATURE

SHANKS

CHANEL
GREEK TEMPLES ENTABLATURE

C
GREEK TEMPLES ENTABLATURE

1.

2.
GREEK TEMPLES
ENTABLATURE
GREEK TEMPLES S

ENTABLATURE
G

R
GREEK TEMPLES 1

ENTABLATURE
2

7
GREEK TEMPLES ABACUS
COLUMN &
ECHINUS
CREPIDOMA
NECKING

ANNULET DRUM

STYLOBATE

FLUTINGS CREPIDOMA

ARRIS
STERIOBATE
GREEK TEMPLES A
COLUMN &
E
CREPIDOMA
N

A D

F C

A
GREEK TEMPLES 1.
COLUMN &
2.
CREPIDOMA
3.

4. 6.

7.

5. 8.
 IONIC ORDER
• Inspired by the
proportions of the
female body and it was
given a female character.
• Egg & Darts and
Anthemion Palmette
Ornaments
• Volute
 CORNICE
IONIC ORDER

FRIEZE
ENTABLATURE

ARCHITRAVE

COLUMN CAPITAL

BASE
 C
IONIC ORDER

F
E

C C

B
 1
IONIC ORDER

2
6

7 4

5
IONIC ORDER

DENTILS
EGG AND DARTS

FASCIA 1
FASCIA 2
FASCIA 3

APOPHYGE
SCOTIA
TORUS
IONIC ORDER

D
E AND D

A
S
T
IONIC ORDER

1
2

4
6
5
IONIC ORDER EYE

ABACUS
VOLUTE/
SCROLL CATHETUS
ECHINUS

FLUTINGS

FILLET
CORINTHIAN ORDER
 CYMA RECTA
OVOLO
CORINTHIAN ORDER &
MOULDINGS MODILLION

DENTIL

• ENTABLATURE OGEE

CYMA REVERSA

ASTRAGAL

HELIX

BELL

• COLUMN
 C
O
CORINTHIAN ORDER &
MOULDINGS M

• ENTABLATURE O

• COLUMN
CORINTHIAN ORDER &
MOULDINGS 1

2
• ENTABLATURE

• COLUMN
CORINTHIAN ORDER

HELIX

FLUERON /
BALTEUS

VOLUTE

COUCOLI

ACANTUS
CORINTHIAN ORDER

F/B

A
REVIEW IN GREEK ORDERS
ATHENS
• Earliest recorded educational halls; Plato’s
Academy and Aristotle’s Lyceum.
Structures inside ATHENS

Stele
• Monument upright stone slab or
pillar with carvings

Agora
• Political assembly ground
• Market place
Structures inside ATHENS

Prytaneion of Athens
• Senate Hall

Bouleuterion
• Council Hall
Structures inside ATHENS
Prytaneion of Athens
• Senate Hall
Structures inside ATHENS

Bouleuterion of Athens
• Council Hall
Structures inside ATHENS

Arena / Stadium of Athens

• Foot race and other athletics sport
• With 50,000 spectators

Hippodrome
• Horse race
Structures inside ATHENS CERCIS
CAVEA

THEATER of Dionysos DIAZOMA

• Designed by Polycleitus

ORCHESTRA
• Considered prototype of
all Greek Theaters, can
accommodate 18,000
spectators
PARADOS
SKENE/ SCENE

PARASCENIA
Structures inside ATHENS
C
C

S
P
Structures inside ATHENS
1.
2.
3.

4.

5.

6.
7.
Structures inside ATHENS

PALAESTRA
• Wrestling School
TEMPLES
GREEK
TEMPLES
6 PARTS OF GREEK TEMPLE PLAN

1. CREPIDOMA
2. PTEROMA
3. COLLONADE
4. PRONAOS
5. NAOS (Cella)
6. EPINAOS
GREEK
TEMPLES
6 PARTS OF GREEK TEMPLE PLAN
CELLA/NAOS
Cella (Naos) with Statue of the God (sometimes
separate room for statue, the Adyton).
Huge statues made of gold, ivory and precious
stones.
Statue oriented in axis towards altar outside.
Initially single nave only, later 2 naves (one
colonnade in the center of the naos), later 3
naves (2 rows of colonnades) for proper placing
of God’s statue
CELLA/NAOS
Cella walls plain and simple, but may be
decorated with elaborate Corinthian capitals
Also storage space for donations to the God.
No windows, only source of light is main door
when opened.
Sometimes semi-translucent roof of marble
tiles for diffuse interior light.
Naos only rarely entered by few people, except
during religious festivals and special occasions.
Otherwise only accessed by priests
PRONAOS & OPISTHODON

Antechamber (Pronaos), formed by protruding

side walls of the naos (anten), divided by two
columns in antis

Pendant at the back (Opisthodom, but without

door to cella) for aesthetic reasons
Opisthodom: Storage space of cult regalia and
temple treasure

/
https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/133278470203308652 Drawing M. Korres

111
PTERON & PERISTASIS

Colonnade (Pteron) around the cella,

forming a hallway (Peristasis),
used as lobby and for processions

Gemeinfrei, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=190842

112
Two ways describing GREEK
TEMPLES
• According to the numbers of columns on the
entrance.
• By Arrangement of exterior columns or
“STYLE”.

- Distyle - Hepastyle
- Octastyle
- Tristyle
- Enneastyle
- Tetrastyle - Dodecastyle
- Pentastyle
- Hexastyle

Descriptions can be mixed, e.g., “Peripteral Amphiprostylos”

 By KufoletoAntonio De Lorenzo and Marina Ventayol - Own work, CC BY 3.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3314736

Tholos Peripteral Tholos

By B. Jankuloski (vectorization). Description of original file here, uploaded there by Napoleon Vier -
File:GriekseTempels.JPG. Original uploader on nl.wiki Napoleon Vier. Uploaded on Commons by Siebrand's SieBot.,
CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7664645
 By Dennis Jarvis from Halifax, Canada - [File:Greece-0791 (2216553548).jpg], CC BY-SA 2.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=52947404

Distyle

Prostylos:
front columns
(Stylos = Column)

By Coyau / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18855393

 By Dennis Jarvis from Halifax, Canada - [File:Greece-0791 (2216553548).jpg], CC BY-SA 2.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=52947404

Distyle in Antis

Single Double
By B. Jankuloski (vectorization). Description of original file here, uploaded there by Napoleon Vier -
File:GriekseTempels.JPG. Original uploader on nl.wiki Napoleon Vier. Uploaded on Commons by Siebrand's SieBot.,
CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7664645
 By Dimboukas - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=13001623

Tetrastyle

Prostyle Amphiprostyle
By B. Jankuloski (vectorization). Description of original file here, uploaded there by Napoleon Vier -
File:GriekseTempels.JPG. Original uploader on nl.wiki Napoleon Vier. Uploaded on Commons by Siebrand's SieBot.,
CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7664645
 By Berthold Werner - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23442338

Hexastyle

Peripteros:
circumfential
colonnade on all
4 sides, 1 bay
deep, forming a
Peristasis

Peripteral
By B. Jankuloski (vectorization). Description of original file here, uploaded there by Napoleon Vier -
File:GriekseTempels.JPG. Original uploader on nl.wiki Napoleon Vier. Uploaded on Commons by Siebrand's SieBot.,
CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7664645
Hexastyle
Pseudo-
Peripteros:
half-columns or
pilasters
instead of
columns

Pseudo-
Peripteral

By Aoudot25 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=21335730

By Athinaios adapted to English - Benutzer:Fjellfross, Image:Antike-tempel-arten.gif, CC BY-SA 3.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3079518. Image Cropped!
 Oktastyle

Dipteros:
2-bays deep,
double
peristasis

Dipteral

By B. Jankuloski (vectorization). Description of original file here, uploaded there by Napoleon Vier -
File:GriekseTempels.JPG. Original uploader on nl.wiki Napoleon Vier. Uploaded on Commons by Siebrand's SieBot.,
CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7664645
By Mayur Phadtare - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=21779465
 Oktastyle

Dipteral

By B. Jankuloski (vectorization). Description of original file here, uploaded there by Napoleon Vier -
File:GriekseTempels.JPG. Original uploader on nl.wiki Napoleon Vier. Uploaded on Commons by Siebrand's SieBot.,
By Carole Raddato from FRANKFURT, Germany - Aerial view of the Temple of Apollo, Didyma, CC BY-SA 2.0,
CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7664645
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30156449
 Oktastyle

Pseudo-
Dipteral (A)
By B. Jankuloski (vectorization). Description of original file here, uploaded there by Napoleon Vier -
File:GriekseTempels.JPG. Original uploader on nl.wiki Napoleon Vier. Uploaded on Commons by Siebrand's SieBot.,
CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7664645
 Oktastyle

Pseudo-Dipteros:
Inner colonnade
missing, wide
open double
peristalsis

Pseudo-
Dipteral (B)

By User:MatthiasKabel - New drawing in inkscape of Image:Selinunte-TempleG-Plan-bjs.png, CC BY-SA 3.0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3122561 /
http://www.kaoscollective.com/portfolio/temple-g
 Dodecastyle

45/90
TEMPLE OF HERA I, PAESTUM, ITALY
TEMPLE OF HERA
• Two adjacent limestone temples
dedicated to the Goddess Hera face east
at the southern end of the Greek colony
of Poseidonia (Paestum)
• Built in c. 550 to 520 BC
• Purest surviving Doric temple, with
refinements that has entasis
TEMPLE OF HERA
• COLUMN SHAFT
• Bulge in the column shafts was known
as entasis (tension), which
metaphorically expressed a column’s
load-bearing function
• Entasis is a slight convex curve in the
shaft, introduced to correct the visual
illusion of concavity produced by a
straight shaft
OPTICAL CORRECTIONS
Softened by optical refinements to balance optical
illusions:

Entire building is slightly curved up a few centimeters in

convex from, from stylobate to entablature!
Columns are swelling (Entasis)
Columns are slightly leaning inwards (Inclination)
Result: Not a single block of the building is truly
rectangular, each single block had to be shaped
individually according to its specific position within the
building! (allows easy reconstruction by archaeologists!)
Von Heinz-Josef Lücking, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33119456

128
TEMPLE OF HERA
• COLUMN SHAFT
• Bulge in the column shafts was known
as entasis (tension), which
metaphorically expressed a column’s
load-bearing function
• Entasis is a slight convex curve in the
shaft, introduced to correct the visual
illusion of concavity produced by a
straight shaft
TEMPLE OF HERA
• COLUMN SHAFT
• Bulge in the column shafts was known
as entasis (tension), which
metaphorically expressed a column’s
load-bearing function
• Entasis is a slight convex curve in the
shaft, introduced to correct the visual
illusion of concavity produced by a
straight shaft
TEMPLE OF HERA
• ARCHITRAVE
• Was separated from the frieze by a
sandstone string course, originally
decorated with leaf-like patterns
• Ends of the backing blocks preserve the
large cut ‘U’-shapes used to hold rope
to lift the blocks into place
TEMPLE OF HERA
• CAPITAL AT WEST END
• Necks of the capitals are decorated
with carved floral patterns offering
parallels with north-west Greece
• Rear of the temple, some capitals have
further decoration, composed variously
of lotus flowers, rosettes, tendrils and
palmettes
TEMPLE OF HERA
• PLAN
• Present one of the earliest examples of
the Doric order
• Unusual in having an odd number of
the columns across the short side
• Placing a column in the center where
one would expect intercolumnar space
for central, axial entry
EVOLUTION

Originally the wooden roof beams

were located behind the frieze!
Transfer from wood to stone!

134
PARTHENON, ATHENS
PARTHENON

• Temple of Athena

• Grandest temple in Greece

PARTHENON

• Ictinus and Callicrates are

the chief builders

• Phidias chief sculptor

PARTHENON
• Tympanum of Parthenon
PARTHENON
CELLA OR NAOS

• Sanctuary of Parthenon
PARTHENON • Key plan of entablature
PARTHENON • People’s incident; Reliefs in Parthenon’s Metope
PARTHENON • gods; Reliefs in Parthenon’s Metope
PARTHENON • Nobles; Reliefs in Parthenon’s Metope
PARTHENON • Horsemen; Reliefs in Parthenon’s Metope
PARTHENON • Centaurs / Zophorus; Reliefs in Parthenon’s Metope
PARTHENON
TEMPLE OF ZEUS, OLYMPUS
TEMPLE OF ZEUS
OLYMPUS, AGREGENTUM

• Patronage to Zeus of Olympus

• 2nd Grandest Temple
• Theron the Chief Builder
Telamones - Male
figure carrying the
structure
TEMPLE OF ZEUS
• Naos
TEMPLE OF ZEUS
TEMPLE OF OLYMPIAN ZEUS, ATHENS
TEMPLE OF OLYMPIAN
ZEUS
• Anthotius Ephipanes the chief builders
• Cossutius the Architect
TEMPLE OF ARTHEMIS, EPHESUS
TEMPLE OF ARTHEMIS,
EPHESUS
• Patronage to ARTHEMIS

• 3RD Grandest Temple AND one

of the 7 wonders of the world

• Deinocrates the Chief Builder

and Scopa chief Sculptor
TEMPLE OF ARTHEMIS,
EPHESUS
ERECTHEION, ATHENS
ERECTHEION OF ATHENS
• Patronage to Athena and Poseidon
ERECTHEION OF ATHENS

• Caryatids: Female
structural Support
without basket

• Canaphorae: Female
structural support
with basket
 WALHALLA

Von Avda - Eigenes Werk, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=42574382

89/90 159
 LINCOLN MEMORIAL

90/90 160
 MANILA
FILM
CENTER

91/90 161
 And…

92/90 162
 …National University!!!

93/90 163
Finale and Reminder
• READ YOUR BOOKS 
• LONG QUIZ NEXT MEETING 
 REFERENCES
Ching, F. (2012). A Visual Dictionary of Architecture. Hoboken: Wiley.
Cruickshank, D. (1896). Sir Banister Fletcher’s A History of Architecture. 20th Ed. London:
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