ORGANIZATION

Organization refers to
a collection of people,
who are involved in
pursuing defined
objectives.

ORGANIZATION
 FORMS OF OWNERSHIP

SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP
PARTNERSHIP

CORPORATION

3 FORMS OF OWNERSHIP
 SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP

A sole proprietorship is a
business owned by only one
person. It is easy to set-up and
is the least costly among all
forms of ownership.

4 SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP
ADVANTAGES OF
SOLE
PROPRIETORSHIP

easy to set up

owner has full control
over business decisions
DISADVANTAGES
OF SOLE
PROPRIETORSHIP

no independent legal
status, owner is liable for
the liabilities of the business

limited source of funds
 PARTNERSHIP

A partnership is owned by two

or more persons who
contribute capital to conduct
business.
The partners divide the profits
of the business among
themselves based on agreed
terms. PARTNERSHIP
 ADVANTAGES OF
PARTNERSHIP

more source of capital,
resources, knowledge and skills
from more people versus in a
sole proprietorship

easier to set up, manage, and
control compared to a
corporation
 DISADVANTAGES
OF PARTNERSHIP
no independent legal status and
general partners can be liable for the
liabilities of the business
possibility of disagreements between
partners
limited source of capital and
restrained growth potential compared
to a corporation
CORPORATION
A corporation is a business
organization that operated
as a legal entity that is
separate from its owners and
is treated by law as if it were
an individual person.

CORPORATION
What is the process of forming a
corporation?
PAPERWORKS AND DOCUMENTS
To create a corporation, you must file an application with the
state for permission to operate The application to operate as a
corporation is called the articles of incorporation. In addition to
the articles of incorporation you must write a set of corporate
bylaws.
Corporate bylaws are the rules by which a corporation will
operate. CORPORATION
What is the process of forming a
corporation?
ISSUING STOCK
The ownership of a corporation is divided into units, which
are shares of stocks. These shares of stock are bought by
people who become known as stockholders. Stockholders
are the legal owners of the corporation. Each stockholders
receives a stock certificate, which is a document that is
proof of ownership.
CORPORATION
CLOSELY HELD CORPORATIONS

A closely held or private, corporation is one

whose shares are owned by a relatively small
group of people. In many cases, there are only
three or four stockholders. The shares are not
traded openly in stock markets. Many small and
family businesses are organized as closely held
corporations.
CORPORATION
PUBLICLY HELD CORPORATIONS

A publicly held corporation is one that sells its

shares openly in stock markets, where anyone
can buy them. Most of these corporations trade
their stock on an exchange.

CORPORATION
GOING PUBLIC

A closely held corporation can be opened to the

general public if the stockholders decide in favor
of this move.

CORPORATION
ADVANTAGES OF
CORPORATION
1 ABILITY TO RAISE CAPITAL

SEPARATION OF
OWNERSHIP AND 4 CORPORATION 2 LIMITED LIABILITY
MANAGEMENT

CONTINUED LIFE 3
16 CORPORATION
DISADVANTAGES OF
CORPORATION
1 COMPLEX AND
EXPENSIVE SET-UP

CORPORATION

TAXES 3 2 SLOW DECISION

MAKING PROCESS

17 CORPORATION
ORGANIZATIONAL
STRUCTURE
An organizational structure is a hierarchical
outline of a company's roles, teams, and
employees. Organizational structures describe
what employees do, whom they report to, and
how decisions are made across the business. At
a minimum, your org structure should include
employees' titles and basic hierarchies.
. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
 A line-staff organization is a
structure that distributes work

LINE AND
responsibilities from upper
management to lower-level
STAFF employees. The
establish standards for the
managers
ORGANIZATION
quality of the work and
deadlines for employees to
finish their tasks, and they
communicate their expectations
to the team.
TASK ANALYSIS
The traditional approach to task analysis is
characterized by two models: the British model
and the American model.
The British model has emphasized analysis in
terms of specific activities for which the jobholder
is held responsible.
The American model has included an emphasis on
the competencies needed for the job.
. TASK ANALYSIS
It is becoming obvious, however that the traditional
approach to task analysis is not suitable for the
increasingly complex reality of organizational 'work. In
particular, this approach is inadequate when it is applied
to:
•Managing jobs that are more complex than those
previously subjected to analysis.
•Jobs in public systems that are characterized by
complex responsibilities.
•Group or team tasks, which are increasingly emerging
as a way of organizing work in industries.
What is needed in order to address the more complex jobs
that characterize today's organizations is a different
approach to task analysis?

A comprehensive understanding of a few definitions to

understand task analysis better. According to Stephen P.
Robbins:

•An Activity or an Element: A Job element is the smallest unit

into which work can be divided.

•A task is a distinct set of work activity carried out for a

distinct purpose.
•A duty is number of tasks.

•A position refers to one or more duties

performed by one person in an organization.

•A job is a type of position within an

organization.
TASK ANALYSIS
Task analysis can be defined as the
process of identifying the tasks of a
particular job in a particular
organizational context by analyzing
activities, establishing performance
criteria, determining required
competencies and analyzing any
discrepancies.

TASK ANALYSIS
GUIDELINES FOR
SUCCESSFUL TASK
ANALYSIS
• Analysis should be under taken only
after developing an understanding of a
particular organizational context
involved.

• The job, should be broken down into

specific activities performed and
expected to be performed by the
jobholder or incumbent.
GUIDELINES FOR SUCCESSFUL TASK ANALYSIS

• The activities should be

grouped into tasks. A "task" is
a set of related activities
function that makes a distinct
contribution to organizational
goals.
• Performance criteria should
be established.
• The competencies required for
effective performance of each
task should be identified.

• The discrepancies between

perceived and actual
performance and between
importance attributed and
importance reflected in time
spent should be identified.
 USES OF TASK ANALYSIS
1. Selection and
placement
2. Work planning
3. Performance
appraisal
4. Potential appraisal
.
5. Employee TASK ANALYSIS
 STEPS OF TASK ANALYSIS
1. CONTEXTUAL
ANALYSIS
2. ACTIVITY ANALYSIS
3. TASK DELINEATION
4. COMPETENCY
ANALYSIS
.
5. PERFORMANCE
TASK ANALYSIS
 TASK ANALYSIS AS
SUPERVISORY TOOL
• Designing training

• Performance monitoring

• Work planning

31 TASK ANALYSIS
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FOR
LISTENING!