MVJ20ENV59 - MODULE 2 (Final

An Autonomous Institute
Approved by AICTE |Affiliated to VTU | Recognized by UGC with 2(f) & 12(B) status |Accredited by NBA and NAAC
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
5th SEMESTER
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (MVJ20ENV59)
PREPARED BY
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG.
MVJCE
An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 1
Syllabus
Module - 1 Ecosystems
 (Structure and Function): Forest, Desert, Wetlands, Riverine,
Oceanic and Lake.
 Biodiversity: Types, Value; Hot-spots; Threats and
Conservation of biodiversity, Forest Wealth, and
Deforestation.
Module - 2 Advances in Energy Systems
 (Merits, Demerits, Global Status and Applications)
 Hydrogen, Solar, OTEC, Tidal and Wind.
 Natural Resource Management (Concept and case-studies):
Disaster Management, Sustainable Mining, Cloud Seeding,
and Carbon Trading.
Syllabus
Module - 3
 Environmental Pollution (Sources, Impacts, Corrective and
Preventive measures, Relevant Environmental Acts, Case-
studies): Surface and Ground Water Pollution; Noise
pollution; Soil Pollution and Air Pollution.
 Waste Management & Public Health Aspects: Bio-medical

Wastes; Solid waste; Hazardous wastes; E-wastes; Industrial
and Municipal Sludge.
Syllabus
Module - 4
 Global Environmental Concerns (Concept, policies and case-
studies): Ground water depletion/recharging, Climate Change;
Acid Rain; Ozone Depletion; Radon and Fluoride problem in
drinking water; Resettlement and rehabilitation of people,
Environmental Toxicology.
Module - 5
 Latest Developments in Environmental Pollution Mitigation
Tools (Concept and Applications):
 G.I.S. & Remote Sensing, Environment Impact Assessment,
Environmental Management Systems, ISO14001; Environmental
Stewardship- NGOs.
Hydrogen
 Hydrogen is a tasteless, odorless and colorless gas.
 It is one of the most important chemical elements on earth.
 Hydrogen has the chemical symbol H.
 The hydrogen atom is the lightest of all atoms and simplest in
nature.
 The hydrogen atom is formed by a nucleus with one unit of
positive charge and one electron.
 Its atomic number is 1 and its atomic weight is 1.008g/mol.
 The hydrogen molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms bound
together, as H2. Density is 0.0899*10 -3 g.cm -3 at 20 °C
 Melting point is - 259.2 °C
 Boiling point is - 252.8 °C
 Pure, elemental hydrogen must be obtained by dissociating
hydrogen atoms from the compounds that contain them, the most
plentiful of which are water (H2O) and hydrocarbons such as
methane (CH4).
 The name hydrogen was derived from two Greek words (Gr.
hydro, water, and genes, forming) to mean as water forming.
Hydrogen is a water forming element. It was named by Lavoisier
 Ninety three percent of all atoms in the universe are hydrogen. It
was first identified by the English scientist Henry Cavendish in
1766.
Forms of hydrogen
 Quite apart from isotopes, hydrogen gas is a mixture of two
kinds of molecules, known as ortho- and para-hydrogen.
 They differ from one another by the spins of their electrons and
nuclei.
 Normal hydrogen at room temperature contains 25% of the para
form and 75% of the orthoform.
The ortho form cannot be prepared in the pure state..
Since the two forms differ in energy,, the physical properties
also differ..
The melting and boiling points of para hydrogen are about 0.1
deg C lower than those of normal hydrogen.
8
An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by
How is Hydrogen Produced
Reforming fossil fuels
• Heat hydrocarbons with steam
• Produce H2 and CO
Electrolysis of water
• Use electricity to split water into O2 and H2
High Temperature Electrolysis
• Experimental
Biological processes
• Very common in nature
• Experimental in laboratories
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11
12
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Flexibility Of Use
Transportation
• Desired range can be achieved with on-board hydrogen
storage (unlike Battery Electric Vehicle)
• Can be used in internal combustion engines
• Trains, automobiles, buses, and ships
Buildings
• Combined heat, power, and fuel
• Reliable energy services for critical applications
Cont.
Industrial Sector
• Already plays an important role as a chemical
• Opportunities for additional revenue streams
Storing & Transporting Hydrogen
Store and Transport as a Gas

• Bulky gas
• Compressing H2 requires energy
• Compressed H2 has far less energy than the same volume of
gasoline
Store and Transport as a Solid
• Sodium Borohydride
• Calcium Hydride
• Lithium Hydride
• Sodium Hydride
Advantages of a Hydrogen Economy
• Waste product of burning H2 is water

• Elimination of fossil fuel pollution
• Elimination of greenhouse gases
• Elimination of economic dependence
Disadvantages of Hydrogen Economy
• Low energy densities

• Difficulty in handling, storage, transport
• Requires an entirely new infrastructure
• Creates CO2 if made from fossil fuels
• Low net energy yields: Much energy needed to create
hydrogen
• Possible environmental problems: Ozone depletion (not
proven at this point)
What is Solar Energy?
 Originates with the thermonuclear fusion reactions occurring
in the sun.
 Represents the entire electromagnetic radiation (visible light,
infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays, and radio waves).
 Radiant energy from the sun has powered life on Earth for
many millions of years.
Advantages and Disadvantages
 Advantages
 All chemical and radioactive polluting byproducts of the
thermonuclear reactions remain behind on the sun, while
only pure radiant energy reaches the Earth.
 Energy reaching the earth is incredible. By one
calculation, 30 days of sunshine striking the Earth have
the energy equivalent of the total of all the planet’s fossil
fuels, both used and unused
 Disadvantages
 Sun does not shine consistently. Solar energy is a
diffuse source. To harness it, we must concentrate it
into an amount and form that we can use, such as heat
and electricity.
 Addressed by approaching the problem through:
1) collection, 2) conversion, 3)
storage.
Solar Energy to Heat Living Spaces
Proper design of a
building is for it to act
as a solar collector and
storage unit. This is
achieved through three
elements: insulation,
collection, and storage.
Source: https://www.alternative-energy-tutorials.com/energy-
articles/passive-solar-energy
Solar Energy to Heat Water
• A flat-plate collector is used to

absorb the sun’s energy to heat
the water.
• The water circulates throughout
the closed system due to
convection currents.
• Tanks of hot water are used as
storage.
Source: https://www.nvgebe.com/solar-energy.php
Photovoltaics
Photo + voltaic = convert light to electricity
Source:https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Photovoltaic_cell
Solar cells working principle
• Photons in sunlight hit the solar panel and are absorbed by
semiconducting materials to create electron hole pairs.
• Electrons (negatively charged) are knocked loose from their
atoms, allowing them to flow through the material to produce
electricity
Main Application Areas – Off-grid
Space
Water Telecom
Pumping
Solar Home Systems
Source:https://www.slideshare.net/Preetichaudhary55/basics-of-solar-cell
Main Application Areas Grid Connected
Commercial Building
Systems (50 kW)
Residential Home PV Power Plants

Systems (2-8 kW) ( > 100 kW)
Renewable Energy Consumption
in the US Energy Supply, 2007
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/trends/highlight1.html
Top 10 PV Cell Producers
Top 10 produce 53% of
world total
Q-Cells, Solar World -

Germany
Sharp, Kyocera, Sharp,

Sanyo – Japan
Suntech, Yingli, JA Solar –

China
Motech - Taiwan
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
• Oceans cover more than 70% of Earth's surface, making them

the world's largest
• OTEC is a renewable energy technology that converts solar
radiation into electric power use of world oceans.
• OTEC Process uses temperature difference between cold deep
water (5 ℃) & warm surface water (27 ℃) to power a turbine
to generate electricity.
OTEC Working Principle
• This plant works on the principle of a closed Rankine Cycle.

• Warm Water is used to evaporate working fluid like Ammonia
or halocarbon Refrigerant.
• Evaporated Fluid expands in a low pressure turbine, which is
coupled with a turbo alternator to produce electricity.
32
Closed-loop OTEC
There are three types of electricity conversion systems:
• The Closed or Anderson, OTEC Cycle Power Plant
• The Open or Claude OTEC Cycle Power Plant
• Hybrid Cycle OTEC Power Plant
Closed-loop OTEC
Source: chttp://coolmyplanet.com/otec/
• Closed cycle system use fluid with a low boiling point, such
as ammonia to power a turbine cle OTEC Power Plant
Open -loop OTEC cycle
Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy
• Georges Claude Constructed first OTEC plant in 1929 in Cuba.
• The Claude Plant used an open cycle in which seawater itself plays
the multiple role of heat source
Hybrid OTEC cycle
Source:https
://www.slideshare.net/AlokPrakashSingh2/hybrid-otec-power-plant-presentation
• A Hybrid cycle combines the features of both the closed &

Open Cycle System.
An OTEC system application
• Hydrogen can be produced via electrolysis using

electricity generated by the OTEC process.
• Desalination It’s produced in open & Hybrid cycle.

• System analysis indicates that a 2 MW plant can
produce 4300 cubic meter desalination water each
Aquaculture
• It reduces the financial & energy coasts of pumping
large volumes of water from deep ocean.
• Deep ocean water contains high concentration of
essential nutrients that are depleted in surface water
due to biological consumption.
Mineral Extraction
• The ocean contains 57 trace elements in salt dissolved
in solution.
• The Japanese investigated the possibility of extracting
Uranium.
Advantages of OTEC
• Warm surface sea water and cold water from the ocean from
the ocean depths replace fossil fuels to produce electricity.
• O T E C plants will produce little or no carbon dioxide or
other polluting chemicals.
• O T E C systems can produce fresh water as well as
electricity. A lot of fish & other nutritious sea-food will
be collected in outlet flow.
• OTEC can also be used to produce ammonia, hydrogen,
aluminum, chlorine and other chemicals.
Disadvantages of OTEC
• O T E C produced electricity at present would cost more

than electricity generated from fossils fuels at their
current costs.
• N o energy company put money in this project because it

only had been tested in a very small scale.
• Construction of OTEC plants and lying of pipes in coastal

water may cause localized damage to reefs and near-shore
marine ecosystem
Current operating Plants of OTEC
• In March 2013, Makai installed and operate a 100 kilowatt
turbine on the OTEC Heat Exchanger Test Facility, and
connect OTEC power to the grid.
• Okinawa Prefecture announced the start of the OTEC operation

testing at Kume Island on April 15, 2013. The plant consists of
two units; one includes the 50 kW generator while the second
unit is used for component testing and optimization.
• In July 2014, DCNS group partnered with Akuo Energy

announced their NEMO project. If successful, the 16MW gross
10MW net offshore plant will be the
TIDAL ENERGY
• Tidal power, also called TIDAL ENERGY, is a form of

HYDROPOWER which converts the energy of tides into the
useful form of power, mainly in electricity.
• Tides are the waves caused due to gravitational pull of the
moon and sun.
• Ocean tides are the periodic rise and fall of ocean water
level occurs twice in each lunar day.
• During one lunar day the ocean water level rises twice
and fall twice.
TIDAL ENERGY
• Tidal power, also called TIDAL ENERGY, is a form of

HYDROPOWER which converts the energy of tides into
the useful form of power, mainly in electricity.
• Tides are the waves caused due to gravitational pull of
the moon and sun.
• Ocean tides are the periodic rise and fall of ocean water
level occurs twice in each lunar day.
• During one lunar day the ocean water level rises
twice and fall twice.
Cont.
• Time interval between a consecutive low tide and high tide is
6.207 hrs.
• Tidal range is the difference between the consecutive high tide
and low tide.
• During high tide, the water flow into the dam and during low
tide water flow out which result in moving the turbine.
• Although not yet widely used, tidal power has potential for
future electricity generation. Tides are more predictable
than wind energy and solar power.
Tides
 This tidal electricity

generation works as the
tides comes in and again
when it goes out.
 The turbine is driven by

the power of the sea in
both direction.
Types of tides
Souce: https://brainly.in/question/1653371
Main parts of TPP:-
• A tidal power plant consists of three main parts:
• The first being the barrage itself, holding the water back
during high tide.
• The second part is the sluice gate that let water through the
third part,
• The third part consist turbine and generator, resulting in
electricity generation.
Tidal Barrage
• A tidal barrage is a dam-like structure used to capture the energy
from masses of water moving in and out of a bay or river due to
tidal forces.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_barrage
Sluice Gate
• The sluice gates are left open during high tide and closed
during low tide to create a water level differential, creating a
potential difference that powers the turbine when the water is
released.
Source:https://www.slideshare.net/
Tidal Stream Generator
• Tidal stream generators are very similar to wind turbines
except their below the water surface instead of above or on
land.
• The turbine and generator converts the movement of water
coming from change in tide, the kinetic energy, into
electricity.
• Water is 830 times denser than air and therefore can
generate electricity at lower speeds than wind turbines
Single Basin Scheme
Single Basin Scheme: This scheme has one barrage and one
water storage basin, one way system, the incoming tide is allowed
to fill the basin through sluice ways during the tide and the
impounded water is used to generate electricity by letting the
water flow from basin to the sea through the turbines during
single basin schemes is intermittent generation power.
Source:http://energyprofessionalsymposium.com/?p=25624
Double Basin Scheme
• In the double basin scheme, there are two basins on the

landward side with the powerhouse located at the
interconnecting waterway between the two basins
Source:https://www.slideshare.net/saranraj107/geo-thermal-and-ocean-energy
Advantages of Tidal Energy
• It is an inexhaustible source of energy.
• Tidal energy is environment friendly energy and doesn't
produce greenhouse gases.
• As 71% of Earth’s surface is covered by water, there is
scope to generate this energy on large scale.
• Efficiency of tidal power is far greater as compared to coal,
solar or wind energy. Its efficiency is around 80%.
• Tidal Energy doesn’t require any kind of fuel to run.
• The life of tidal energy power plant is very long.
• The large density of water, almost 1000 times greater than in
air, results in very large amounts of energy to get out of the
tidal currents even if the speed is low.
Disadvantages of Tidal Energy
• Cost of construction of tidal power plant is high.

• There are very few ideal locations for construction of plant and
they too are localized to coastal regions only.
• Intensity of sea waves is unpredictable and there can be damage
to power generation units.
• Influences aquatic life adversely and can disrupt migration of fish.
• The actual generation is for a short period of time. The tides only
happen twice a day so electricity can be produced only for that
time.
• Usually the places where tidal energy is produced are far away
from the places where it is consumed. This transmission is
expensive and difficult.
Major tidal plants in world
Wind Power
• It is the conversion of wind energy into useful form of energy,
like electricity using wind turbines.
• Wind power is used in large scale wind farms for national
electrical grids as well as in small individual turbines for
providing electricity to rural residences or grid-isolated
locations.
• It is estimated that there is 50-100 times more wind energy than
plant biomass energy available on Earth.
• The power in the wind can be extracted by allowing it to blow
past moving wings
• that exert torque on a rotor. The amount of power transferred is
directly proportional to the density of the air, the area swept out
by the rotor, and the cube of the wind speed.
Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12
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Turbine Placement
• As a general rule, wind generators are practical where the
average wind speed is 10 mph (16 km/h or 4.5 m/s) or greater.
• Usually sites are pre-selected on basis of a wind atlas, and
validated with wind measurements.
• Thus, Metrology plays an important role in turbine placement.
Onshore Installations
• Onshore turbine installations in hilly or mountainous regions
tend to be on ridgelines generally three kilometers or more
inland from the nearest shoreline.
• This is done to exploit the so-called topographic acceleration.
Offshore Installations
• Offshore wind development zones are generally considered to
be ten kilometers or more from land.
• Offshore wind turbines are less obtrusive than turbines on
land, as their apparent size and noise can be mitigated by
distance
Near Shore Installations
• Near-Shore turbine installations
are generally considered to be
inside a zone that is on land
within three kilometers of a
shoreline or on water within ten
kilometers of land.
• These areas tend to be windy
and are good sites for turbine
installation, because a primary
source of wind is convection
caused by the differential Source:https
heating and cooling of land and ://www.slideshare.net/Preetichaudhary5
5/basics-of-solar-cell
sea over the cycle of day and
night.
Asia’s largest wind park in Satara district of Maharashtra with
201 MW on installation, commissioned by Suzlon Energy in
2001
Cont.
• Wind power can be generated for a grid as well for single

customers.
• Small Wind is defined as wind generation systems with
capacities of 100 kW or less and are usually used to power
homes, farms, and small businesses.
• These systems help to reduce or eliminate electricity bills, to
avoid the unpredictability of natural gas prices, or simply to
generate clean power.
Certainty Based Marking Questions
1. Which is a list of renewable resources?
(a) Petroleum, geothermal, wind
(b) Biomass, geothermal, hydropower
(c) Natural gas, wind, biomass.
(d) Hydropower, solar, wind energy
Ans. (d)
2. The efficiency of various types of solar collectors ______ with _______ temperature.
(c) increases, decreasing
(d) decreases, increasing
(e) remains same, increasing
(f) depends upon type of collector
Ans. (b)
3. The ocean thermal energy conversion(OTEC) uses ___________
(g) Energy difference
(h) Potential difference
(i) Temperature difference
(j) Kinetic difference
Ans. (c)
Recalling of Earlier Concepts
Advances in Energy Systems
 Merits, Demerits, Global Status and Applications of:
 Hydrogen energy
 Solar energy,
 OTEC energy,
 Tidal and Wind energy
Disaster Management
• Disaster can be defined as any occurrence that cause damage,

ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of
health and health services on a scale, sufficient to warrant an
extraordinary response from outside the affected community
or area”. (W.H.O.)
• “A disaster can be defined as an occurrence either nature or
manmade that causes human suffering and creates human
needs that victims cannot alleviate without assistance”.
American Red Cross (ARC) ’
Disaster Means
• D : Destruction
• I : Incidents
• S : Sufferings
• A : Administrative failure
• S : Sentiments
• T : Tragedies
• E : Eruption of communicable diseases
• R : Research program and its implementation
Types of Disasters
https://www.asosaijournal.org/audit-of-disaster-management
• Natural disasters, e,g. natural calamities or climatic hazards,
like earthquake, flood, cyclone, drought, famine, forest fire, dust
storms, sandstorms, landslides, avalanche, volcanic eruptions.
• Manmade disasters: This include technical disasters like dam
failure, nuclear accidents, hazardous waste accidents, oil spills
and leakages, industrial accidents and due to fire, social
disasters like mass-migration, riots etc.
• Minor disasters involving approximately 25 victims
• Moderate disasters involving approximately 100 victims
• Major disasters involving more than 100 victims
• Catastrophic disaster when number of injured patients reaches
up to 1000 or more
Classification of disaster
• Water and climate related disaster
• Floods
• Tornadoes
• Cloud burst
• Snow avalanches
• Sea erosion
• Tsunami(Added)
Earthquake:
• An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is
the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth`s crust that
creates seismic waves.
• Earthquakes are recorded with a seismometer, also known as
a seismograph. The moment magnitude (or the related and
mostly imperceptible and magnitude 7 causing serious damage
over large areas. Intensity of shaking is measured on the
modified Mercalli scale.
Cont ..
https://weather.com/en-IN/india/science/news/2020-04-12-delhi-
Cont..
Management
• Most injuries are sustained during impart and, thus, there is
the greatest need for emergency care occurring in few hours,
when quality and severity of injuries is overwhelmed,
wealth facilities at different levels must be adopted
Precautions
• Before entering a buildings: Observe the construction of the
buildings and be careful for possible hazards, which may
occur from weak structure
• When entering a damaged buildings: Use a helmet, work in
pairs, listen for the possible sounds and keep calling
Cont..
• While moving inside a damaged building: Do not ignite fire,
keep close to walls and do not pull anything protecting out
from the collapsed structures.
• People affected need psychological support as they have lost
their near and dear ones and property also.
Cyclone
• Cyclone is an area of closed, circular fluid motion rotation in
the same direction as the earth.
• This is usually characterized by inward spiralling winds that
rotate counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and
clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere of the Earth.
• Most large scale cyclonic circulations are centered on the
areas of low atmospheric pressure . The largest pressure
systems are cold-core polar cyclones and extra tropical
cyclones which lie on the synoptic scale
• Warm core cyclones such as tropical cyclones, meso cyclones,
and polar lows lie within the smaller mesoscale.
• Subtropical cyclones are of intermediate size. Upper level
cyclones can exist without the presence of a low surface, and
can pinch off from the base of the tropical upper tropospheric
trough during the summer months in the northern hemisphere.
Cyclones have also been seen on other planets outside of the
Earth, such as Mars and Neptune.
Management of cyclones
• Warning should be given through proper media.
• Research should be sent to safe areas.
• Proper treatment must be done or injuries.
Cont.
Source:https://www.wikiwand.com/en/List_of_tropical_cyclones
Floods
• Floods are the most frequent type of natural disaster and occur
when an overflow of water submerges land that is usually dry.
• Floods are often caused by heavy rainfall, rapid snowmelt or a
storm surge from a tropical cyclone or tsunami in coastal areas.
• Floods can cause widespread devastation, resulting in loss of
life and damages to personal property and critical public health
infrastructure. Between 1998-2019, floods affected more than
2 billion people worldwide.
• People who live in floodplains or non-resistant buildings, or
lack warning systems and awareness of flooding hazard, are
most vulnerable to floods.
There are 3 common types of floods:
• Flash floods are caused by rapid and excessive rainfall that raises
water heights quickly, and rivers, streams, channels or roads may
be overtaken.
• River floods are caused when consistent rain or snow melt forces a
river to exceed capacity.
• Coastal floods are caused by storm surges associated with tropical
cyclones and tsunami.
• Between 80-90% of all documented disasters from natural hazards
during the past 10 years have resulted from floods, droughts,
tropical cyclones, heat waves and severe storms. Floods are also
increasing in frequency and intensity, and the frequency and
intensity of extreme precipitation is expected to continue to
increase due to climate change
Effects of Floods
• Deaths also result from physical trauma, heart attacks,
electrocution, carbon monoxide poisoning or fire associated with
flooding. Often, only immediate traumatic deaths from flooding
are recorded.
• Floods can also have medium- and long-term health impacts,
including: water- and vector-borne diseases, such as cholera,
typhoid or malaria injuries, such as lacerations or punctures from
evacuations and disaster cleanup chemical hazards mental health
effects associated with emergency situations disrupted health
systems, facilities and services, leaving communities without
access to health care damaged basic infrastructure, such as food
and water supplies, and safe shelter.
Cont.
Management:
• In floods, fractures, injuries, bruises, drowning and various
infections can occur:
• Tinned cans, barrels, tubes, etc. Must be used for floating to
prevent people from drowning.
• Food, shelter and medical care facilities are provided to the
people fro drowning.
Volcanic Eruptions
A volcanic is an opening, or
rupture, in a planet`s surface
or crust, which allows hot
magma, ash and gases to
escape from below the
surface.
The word `volcano` is
derived from the name of
Vulcano island of Silicy,
which, in turn, was named
after Vulcan, the Roman god
of fire.
Source: https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-do-volcanoes-erupt?
Land slides
• These include wide range of ground movements such as risk
falls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows which
can occur in offshores, coastal and onshore environment.
• The main causes are ground water pressure acting to
destabilize the slope, loss or absence of vertical vegetative
structure, soil nutrients and erosion of toe of a slope by river
or ocean waves.
Management:
• Avoid landslide prone area
• Rescue team should be sent to clear the roads
• Protect trapped people
Cont.
Source: https://starofmysore.com/3-killed-in-landslide-near-madikeri/
Fires
• Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic

chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and
various reaction products.
• A wildfire is any uncontrolled fire that occurs in the
countryside or a wilderness area.
• Other names such as brush fire, bushfire, forest fire, grass fire,
hill fire, peat fire, vegetation fire, and wildland fire may be
used to describe the same phenomenon depending on the type
of vegetation being burned.
Cont.
Source: https://www.gulftoday.ae/opinion/2019/05/14/forest-fires-a-burning-
issue-for-india
Drought
Drought is a creeping natural hazard that results from a
deficiency of precipitation (runoff, soil moisture) from long-term
average (over at least 30 years), which is referred to as a normal
value.
Manmade Disasters
Chemical: Chemical emergency occurs when a hazardous
chemical has been released and the release has potential for
harming people`s health.
Radiation Emission: Emission of radiation from radioactive
materials, for example, reactors, radioactive substances
(uranium) and medical supplies(radium)
Bioterrorism: Bioterrorism is terrorism by international release
or dissemination of biological agents(bacteria, viruses or toxins);
these may be in a naturally-occurring or in a human modified
form.
Cont.
Pandemics and Disease: global disease outbreak, influenza virus
causes various illnesses, spread is from person to person
Terrorism: refers to only to those violent acts which are intended
to create fear(terror),are perpetrated for an ideological goal (as
opposed to a lone attack), and deliberately target or disregard the
safety of noncombatants. The word terrorism is politically and
emotionally charged and this greatly compounds the difficulty of
providing a precise definition.
Cont.
By distinguishing terrorists from other types of criminals and
terrorism from other forms of crime, we come to appreciate that
terrorism is:
• Ineluctably political in aims and motives
• Violent or, equally important, threatens violence.
• Designed to have far-reaching psychological repercussion
beyond the immediate victim or target.
• Conducted by an organization with an identifiable chain of
command or conspiratorial cell structure
• Perpetrated by a sub national group or non state entity.
Primary prevention against man made
disaster
• Prevention of occurrence of the disaster must be done to prevent
not only the consequences but also the occurrence of fire,
explosion crashes and sudden chemical and radiation exposure.
• These include tighter regulation of chemical plants and other
hazardous facilities and insistence that the chemicals plants may
be built away from the densely populated area.
• Appropriate engineering and technological measures like
building codes, dam design containment of toxic materials.
• Protection against human errors.
• The world has turned towards efforts to stop arms race and
prevent nuclear war.
3 Fundamental aspects of disaster management
• Disaster response
• Disaster preparedness
• Disaster mitigation
These three aspects of disaster management correspond to different
phases in the so-called “disaster cycle” as shown in below.
• Disaster impact
• Mitigation
• Preparedness
• Reconstruction and Rehabilitation
• Response
Cont …
Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316275798
Impact of disaster
Direct:
It is different according to the geographical area as well as type
of disaster, e.g. direct impact of flood will be different from the
direct impact of earthquake.
Indirect:
All natural disasters have more or less the same indirect impact,
i.e. loss of life, loss of shelter, disruption of water and food and
communication, epidemics and psychological illness.
Environmental factors
Physical: Weather conditions, the availability of the food, time
when the disaster occurs, the availability of the water and the
functioning of utilities such as electricity and telephone services.
Chemical: Influencing disaster outcome includes leakage of
stored chemicals into the air, soil, ground water or food supplies.
Biological: These are those that occur or increase as a result of
contamination of water, improper waste disposal, insect or rodent
proliferation, improper food storage or lack of refrigeration due
to interrupted electrical services.
Cont.
Social: These are those that contribute to the individual social
support systems. Loss of family members, changes in roles and
the questioning of religious beliefs are social factors to be
examined after a disaster.
Psychological factors: are closely related to agents, hosts, and
environmental conditions. The nature and severity of the disaster
affect the psychological distress experienced by the victims.
Bioterrorism: Release of viruses, bacteria or other agents caused
by illness or death.
Phases of disaster
• Warning phase: Some disasters give warning of their
approach. In this, certain precautionary measures are
undertaken to handle the disaster situation efficiently and
effectively.
• Threat Phase: This is critical decision-making priod when
one`s activity is directed towards the survival action.
• Impact Phase: When disaster strikes, people may at first be
stunned. Then they begin to realize the magnitude of the
effects of disaster such as injury, death destruction etc.
• Inventory Phase: During this phase, one tries to find out what
has actually happened to him. Victim may exhibit fear, anger,
sorrow, depression, anxiety and other emotions.
• Rescue Phase: During this period the victim help each other to
cope and begin to help with the rescue provide comfort to
others and to re-establish shelter and other needs.
• Remedy Phase: The morale of victim usually picks up during
this period as they work together with rescue personnel to get
the community back to its feet. This phases is the longest post
disaster period when reconstruction takes place.
Cont.
• Restoration period: In this phase, the individual regain the
stability that they enjoyed prior to the disaster. The time
required for a community to reach the state of equilibrium
depends upon the nature and intensity of disaster and disaster
relief available
Principles of disaster management
The eight principles of disaster management include:
• Preventing the occurrence
• Minimizing the number of casualties
• Preventing further casualties
• Rescuing the injured
• Providing first-aid
• Evacuating the injured
• Providing the definitive care
• Facilitating reconstruction/recovery
Ministries responsible for various categories
of disasters
Disaster Nodal ministry
Natural disaster management ( Ministry of home affairs
other than drought)
Drought relief Ministry of agriculture
Air accidents Ministry of civil aviation
Railway accidents Ministry of railways
Chemical disasters Ministry of environment and
forest
Biological Disasters Ministry of health
Nuclear disasters Department of atomic energy
Goal of disaster management
• The goal of disaster management is the safety and

sustainability of human lives.
• Safety is related to avoiding death and injuries to human lives
during a disaster.
• Sustainability is related to livelihood, socio -economic,
cultural, environmental and psychological aspects.
Carbon Trading
• Carbon Trading is a scheme where firms (or countries) buy
and sell carbon permits as part of a Programme to reduce
carbon emissions.
• In India, Coal fired power generation is the biggest polluter
and the biggest opportunity for emission reduction and hence e
the biggest carbon credits producer
• Presently, next to china India is generating the highest number
of carbon credits in the world
• In comparison to the developed nations the carbon emission
level in India is much less
Carbon credit
• A carbon credit is a financial instrument that represents a
tonne of CO2 or CO2e (carbon dioxide equivalent gases)
removed or reduced from the atmosphere from an emission
reduction project
• Carbon credits are measured in units of certified emission
reductions (CERs).
• Each CER is equivalent to one ton of carbon dioxide
reduction (1 credit= reduction of 1 ton of CO2) Such a credit
can be sold in the international market at a prevailing market
rate
Types of carbon trading
1. Carbon cap-trade program
2. Carbon off setting
Advantages of Carbon Trading

• Reduction in green house gas emission
• Source of revenue for developing nations
• Supports a free market system
Disadvantage of Carbon Trading
• Right to pollute: Industries in the ratified nations are

purchasing legal rights to pollute the atmosphere
• Slow process: Industries are opting the easy way– purchase
more allowances than implementing greener technologies
• Lack of centralized system or global framework: Absence of a
centralized and accepted global standards/act are missing
Carbon Credit Traders In India
• Andhyodaya Green Energy
• Grasim Industries Ltd.
• Indo Gulf Fertilizers
• Indus Technical & Financial Consultants Ltd
• Madhya Pradesh Rural Livelihoods Project
• Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation
• Reliance Energy Ltd.
• Tata Motors Limited
• Tata Steel Limited
• Bajaj Finserv Limited
• Dhariwal Industries Ltd
• Tata Power Company Limited
• Blue Star Energy Services Inc.
• Valera Global Inc.
Cloud Seeding
What is cloud seeding?
The term cloud seeding has been used to describe:
• Fog suppression (airports)
• Hail suppression (reduce crop and property damage)
• Rainfall enhancement (water supply augmentation)
• Snowpack enhancement (snowpack augmentation)
Our focus is snowpack enhancement First, some overview of
precipitation process
Precipitation
• A given column of air has a limited amount of water vapor it
can hold
• For precipitation to occur, the air column must be at or near
saturation (i.e. relative humidity ≈ 100%)
• Relative humidity is a function of temperature (warm air can
hold more water vapor than cold air)
• However, saturation alone does not lead to precipitation
• Ice nuclei are required for water vapor to convert to ice
crystals
• Ice nuclei are found naturally in the atmosphere, but may be
limited relative to available water vapor
Cloud Seeding
• Cloud seeding provides mother nature with ice nuclei
• But, it is only effective when ice nuclei are limiting and nature
is performing the other required precipitation processes
• cloud seeding doesn’t create clouds to seed – it will not cure a
drought!
• Effectiveness depends on: , available water vapor, ice nuclei
properties, cloud droplet and natural ice distributions
• Several agents can be used as ice nuclei, with silver iodide
(AgI) being the most common used in commercial cloud
seeding.
Cloud Seeding
• Where did it get started?
• In 1946 at GE labs in Schenectady, NY, it was discovered that
various materials can initiate the formation and growth of
water droplets and ice crystals (leading to cloud seeding).
• Cloud seeding is conducted in over 40 countries
• Numerous projects in US, including some dating to the 1950’s
Cloud Seeding – Process
Wintertime Orographic
Source: http://www.hydro.com.au
115
116
Certainty Based Marking Questions
1. What does the acronym ISDR stand for?
(a) International Sustainable Development Report?
(b) Intergovernmental Strategy for Developing Recreation?
(c) International Strategy for Disaster Reduction?
(d) International Significant Disaster Resources?
Ans. (c)
2. The top three ecological footprints in the world are:
(e) USA, Ireland, New Zealand
(f) Ireland, Russia, Denmark
(g) USA, Ireland, Denmark
(h) Russia, USA, New Zealand
Ans. (c)
3. Which of the following has been used to seed clouds?
(i) Silver iodide
(j) Dry ice
(k) Salt
(l) (a) and (b) above
Ans. (d)
SELF ASSESSMENT LINK
Self- Assessment Link on Module 2
 The below link covers the multiple choice questions on

ecosystems and biodiversity
https://
forms.office.com/Pages/ResponsePage.aspx?id=TwEM7vB2UE
y6eTUVeQV7lna2NdNCGpZCtmYw_eJRhvtUMUdDV1NSQjg
3QzVVWVlJQlZOVEhGWEw2Vy4u
 Expected Outcome: After attending the self assessment,

students will be able to Recall the basic concepts on
ecosystem and biodiversity with related to its current
scenario
MVJ College of Engineering
Near ITPB, Whitefield
Bangalore-560 067 Thank You
M: hod_civil@mvjce.edu.in
P: +91 80 4299 1040

MVJ20ENV59 - MODULE 2 (Final

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An Autonomous Institute

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

 Waste Management & Public Health Aspects: Bio-medical

Store and Transport as a Gas

• Waste product of burning H2 is water

• Low energy densities

• A flat-plate collector is used to

Solar Home Systems

Residential Home PV Power Plants

Q-Cells, Solar World -

Sharp, Kyocera, Sharp,

Suntech, Yingli, JA Solar –

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• This plant works on the principle of a closed Rankine Cycle.

There are three types of electricity conversion systems:

• The Closed or Anderson, OTEC Cycle Power Plant

• The Open or Claude OTEC Cycle Power Plant

• Hybrid Cycle OTEC Power Plant

• A Hybrid cycle combines the features of both the closed &

• Hydrogen can be produced via electrolysis using

• Desalination It’s produced in open & Hybrid cycle.

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• N o energy company put money in this project because it

• Construction of OTEC plants and lying of pipes in coastal

• Okinawa Prefecture announced the start of the OTEC operation

• In July 2014, DCNS group partnered with Akuo Energy

• Tidal power, also called TIDAL ENERGY, is a form of

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 This tidal electricity

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• Wind power can be generated for a grid as well for single

• Disaster can be defined as any occurrence that cause damage,

• Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic

• The goal of disaster management is the safety and

Advantages of Carbon Trading

• Right to pollute: Industries in the ratified nations are

 The below link covers the multiple choice questions on

 Expected Outcome: After attending the self assessment,

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