BASES & POLICIES OF SPECIAL

AND INCLUSIVE EDUCATION

Reporter: Antonette C. Paclibar

BEE EGE 1-1
 OBJECTIVE:

Demonstrate understanding of the

philosophies, theories, and legal
bases of special and inclusive
education including its
implementation.
 INTRODUCTION:

The education system aims to provide quality education

for all learners, ensuring lifelong learning, meaningful
work participation, and meaningful societal participation.
Psychological Bases
The general philosophy of special education
is that all people have the ability to learn,
regardless of their particular disabilities.
 LEGAL BASES
R.A No.11650 (2022) “All schools, whether public or private,
shall ensure equitable access to quality education to every
learner with disability, such that no learner shall be denied
admission on the basis of disability.”

R.A No. 3562 and 5250 “Act provided that teachers,

administrators, and supervisors of special education should be
trained by the Department of Education and impoverished.”
 4 CHILD DEVELOPMENT
THEORIES:
• JEAN PIAGET'S COGNITIVE THEORY
DEVELOPMENT

• LEV VYGOTSKY'S SCAFFOLDING

THEORY

• ALBERT BANDURA'S SOCIAL LEARNING

THEORY

• JEAN LAVE'S SITUATED LEARNING

THEORY
1. PIAGET'S COGNITIVE THEORY
DEVELOPMENT

The Theory of Cognitive Development by Jean Piaget, the Swiss

psychologist, suggests that children's intelligence undergoes
changes as they grow. Cognitive development in children is not
only related to acquiring knowledge, children need to build or
develop a mental model of their surrounding world (Miller, 2011).
•SENSORIMOTOR STAGE (0-2 years old)- The sensorimotor stage is the first phase of
children’s cognitive development. During this stage, children primarily learn about their
environment through their senses and motor activities.

•PREOPERATIONAL STAGE (2-7 years old)- the child uses symbols (words and images) to
represent objects but does not reason logically. The child also has the ability to pretend. During
this stage, the child is egocentric.

•CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE (7-11 years old)- the child can think logically about
concrete objects and can thus add and subtract. The child also understands conservation.

•Formal operational stage (11 years old to adulthood) the adolescent can reason
abstractly and think in hypothetical terms.
2. LEV VYGOTSKY'S SCAFFOLDING
THEORY

This theory focuses on a student's ability to learn

information through the help of a more informed
individual. Vygotsky believed that when a student is in
the zone of proximal development for a particular task,
by providing the appropriate assistance will give the
student enough of a boost to achieve the task.
3. ALBERT BANDURA'S SOCIAL LEARNING
THEORY

Albert Bandura's social learning theory suggests that

observation and modeling play a primary role in how and
why people learn. Bandura believed that direct
reinforcement could not account for all types of learning.
4. JEAN LAVE'S SITUATED LEARNING
THEORY
First presented by Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger (1991),
explains the process and development of learning when
individuals have the opportunity to participate in a community of
practice. The concept of Situated Learning Theory is that
learning occurs within authentic context, culture, and activity and
that it is widely unintentional.
REFERENCES:

Jean Piagets theory of cognitive development. RSS. (n.d.).

https://www.structural-learning.com/post/jean-piagets-theory-of-
cognitive-development-and-active-classrooms
Jean Piaget and His Theory & Stages of Cognitive Development
https://www.simplypsychology.org/piaget.html
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING