CE 131: FUNDAMENTALS OF

SURVEYING
1st sem SY 2023 – 2024
MISSING DATA

1st sem SY 2023 – 2024

MISSING DATA
• Occasionally, it is not possible to
determine by field observation the
length of a side or the value of an angle
within a closed traverse. These omitted
or missing parts may be computed if
they do not exceed two in number.
CASES OF OMITTED MEASUREMENTS
1. ADJOINING COURSES:
a. Case I: Length and bearing of one side omitted
b. Case II: Length of one side and bearing of another
omitted
c. Case III: Length of two sides omitted
d. Case IV: Bearing of two sides omitted
CASES OF OMITTED MEASUREMENTS
2. NON-ADJOINING COURSES:
a. Case I: Length of one side and bearing of another
omitted
b. Case II: Length of two sides omitted
c. Case III: Direction of two sides omitted
CASES OF OMITTED MEASUREMENTS
NON-ADJOINING COURSES
NON-ADJOINING COURSES
NON-ADJOINING COURSES
EARTHWORK OPERATIONS

1st sem SY 2023 – 2024

EARTHWORK OPERATIONS
•Construction processes that
involve the soil or earth in its
natural form and that precede
the building or the pavement
structure itself
BASIC EARTHWORK OPERATIONS
• Clearing and Grubbing
• Excavation: Roadway & Drainage
excavations, Structural excavations, borrow
excavation
• Embankments
• Finishing Operations
EQUIPMENTS USED IN EARTHWORK
OPERATIONS
• Bulldozers – loosening rocky earth, short distance earthmovings
• Motor grader – shaping and compacting pavement layers and slopes
• Crane – excavation, placing & handling, lifting
• Trucks – hauling operations
• Rollers – compaction
• Loaders – excavation, filling, clearing
• Scrapers – digging, loading, transporting, dumping and spreading
CLEARING AND GRUBBING
• First operation prior to earthwork
• Removal of trees, roots, rubbish, and other objectionable
material from the planned or designated area of proposed
excavation and embankment or any area where obstructions
must be removed.
• Clearing: removal above ground
• Grubbing: removal below ground
EXCAVATION
• ROCK: cannot be excavated without blasting, or boulders >
2m3
• COMMON: all materials of whatever character, not classified
• UNSUITABLE: Deposits of saturated or unsaturated soil &
organic matter unacceptable for embankment material
• BORROW: approved material required for construction of
embankment
ROADWAY & DRAINAGE EXCAVATION
• Excavation & grading of the roadway & ditches,
including the removal off all excavated material
for the construction of cuts, embankments,
slopes, ditches, intersections, etc.
• Measurement of excavated materials is based on
volume (cubic meters)
STRUCTURE EXCAVATION
•Excavations of material in order to
permit the construction of pipe culverts,
concrete box culverts, foundation of
bridges, retaining walls, and all other
structures that may be required in a
particular job
BORROW EXCAVATION
•When materials for formation of
embankment from excavations within
the limits of right of way are insufficient,
additional suitable material is generally
taken from borrow pits.
EMBANKMENTS
• Used in highways when it is required that
the grade line of the roadway be raised some
distance above the level of the existing
ground surface in order to maintain design
standards or prevent damage of the highway
through the action of surface or ground
water.
FINISHING OPERATIONS
• Final series of operations that are required to
complete the earthwork operations involved in a
typical highway project.
• Includes shoulders trimming, side & ditch slopes,
cut sections (scarifying, shaping, compacting),
final grades cross-section
VOLUME OF BORROW-PIT EXCAVATIONS
• Assuming that the solid or soil removed is
truncated prism
VOLUME OF BORROW-PIT EXCAVATIONS
VOLUME OF BORROW-PIT EXCAVATIONS
VOLUME OF BORROW-PIT EXCAVATIONS
VOLUME OF BORRROW PIT EXCAVATIONS
VOLUME OF BORRROW PIT EXCAVATIONS
MASS DIAGRAMMING
•Mass Diagram – a graphical
representation of the cumulative amount
of earthwork moved along the centerline
and distances over which the earth and
materials are to be transported.
MASS DIAGRAMMING
MASS DIAGRAMMING
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

1st sem SY 2023 – 2024

 GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
• GPS is a satellite-based
navigation and surveying
system for determination
of precise position and
time, using radio signals
from satellites, in real-
time or in post-processing
mode.
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
• GPS is being used for:
1. Navigation and location/position applications
2. Determination of coordinates for important
geographical features (mapping and GIS)
3. Surveys
4. Vehicle guidance
5. Earthquake and landslide monitoring
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM