HYDRAULICS

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. JOY ABEGAIL D. APULI

PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
Density & Specific Volume

Density is defined as mass per unit volume.

The reciprocal of density is the Specific Volume, which is

defined as volume per unit mass.
Specific Gravity

Note: Universal Liquid is Water

Water Properties:
γw = 9.81 at 4℃
ρw = 1000 at 4℃
Unit Weight (Specific Weight/ Weight Density)

Units:
N/m3 , kN/m3 , lb/ft3
Bulk Modulus of Elasticity (EB)

• The Bulk Modulus of Elasticity of the fluid express the

compressibility of the fluid. It is the ratio of the change in
unit pressure to the corresponding volume change per
unit of volume.
Compressibility,
• (Also known as the coefficient of compressibility) is the
fractional change in volume of a fluid per unit change in
pressure in a constant temperature process.
Capillarity, h
• Capillarity (capillary action) is the name given to the
behaviour of the liquid in a thin-bore tube.
Note: The rise or fall of a fluid in a capillary tube is caused by surface tension
and depends on the relative magnitudes of the cohesion of the liquid and the
adhesion of the liquid to the walls of the containing vessel.
PROBLEMS

1. A reservoir of glycerine has a mass of 1200kg and a

volume of 0.952 m3 . Find the glycerine’s weight, mass
density, unit weight and specific gravity.
2. A liquid compressed in a cylinder has a volume of
1000cm3 at 1MN/m2 and a volume of 995cm3 at 2MN/m2.
What is the bulk modulus of elasticity?
3. A rigid steel container is partially filled with a liquid at 15
atm. The volume of the liquid is 1.23200 L. At a pressure of
30 atm, the volume of the liquid is 1.23100 L. What is the
coefficient of compressibility?
4. Estimate the height to which water will rise in a capillary
tube of diameter 3mm. Use =0.0728N/m =9810 N/m3 for
water.
5. If the specific volume of a certain gas is 0.7848 m3/kg,
what is its specific weight?
Property of Ideal Gas
Property Changes in Ideal Gas

For any ideal gas experiencing any process the equation of

state is given by:
• When temperature is held constant, it reduces to Boyle’s
Law
• When temperature is held constant (isothermal condition),
it reduces to Charle’s Law.
Problem 1
• If 9m3 of an ideal gas at 24℃ and 150 kPa is compressed
to 2m3, find the resulting pressure assuming isothermal
condition.