Menopause

Presented by Saad Ahmaad & Muhammad Ali

Presented to Ma`am Um e Aiman
Contents
Definition
Stages
Causes.
Clinical Manifestation.
Complications.
Diagnostic Test.
Management
Definition
“Menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation at the end of
reproductive life due to loss of ovarian follicular activity”
•The monthly flow may increase or decrease, become irregular, and finally cease
Most women stop menstruating between 48 and 55 years of age.
•Perimenopause (the years immediately surrounding menopause) precedes
menopause by approximately 4 years and is characterized by menstrual
irregularity and other menopausal symptoms.
 Stages
Premenopause
A period of women life characterized by
he physiological changes with the end of
reproduction capacity and terminating
with the completion of menopause.
Premature Menopause
Some woman`s experience menupause
due to illness, genetics or medical
procedures.
Stages
Menopause
Marked by total cessation of menstrual cycle for 12 months or more. Represents
end stage of a natural transition In a woman`s reproductive life. The ovaries stop
producing eggs and woman`s cannot get pregnant naturally.
Postmenopause
Stage after menopause occurs and lasts the rest of life. Due to decrease in
estrogen levels there is increase risk of osteopenia osteoporosis and heart disease.
Causes
Natural aging process
Decline in reproductive hormones
Genetic factors
Certain medical treatments or surgeries
Autoimmune disorders
1. Chromosomal abnormalities.
Clinical Manifestations
Irregular periods
Hot flashes and night sweats
Mood swings and irritability
Sleep disturbances
Vaginal dryness and discomfort during intercourse
Fatigue and decreased energy levels
Changes in skin and hair
Changes in bone density.
Complications
Osteoporosis
Cardiovascular disease
Urinary incontinence
Mood disorders
1. Sexual health issues.
Diagnostic Tests
Hormone level blood tests, such as measuring follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH) and estrogen levels.
Thyroid function tests to rule out other conditions that may
cause similar symptoms.
Lipid profile tests to assess cholesterol levels.
oBone density tests (DEXA scan) to evaluate bone health.
Medical Management
Hormonal Replacement Therapy. This involves taking hormones such as estrogen
and progesterone to replace the decline level during menopause.
Non-hormonal medications (SSRIs, gabapentin)
Lifestyle modifications (healthy diet, exercise, stress management)
Symptom-specific treatments (vaginal estrogen creams, sleep aids).
Calcium Supplements.
Vitamin E And B Supplements.
Nursing Management
Education: Provide information on menopausal changes and management
options.
Symptom management: Offer guidance on managing hot flashes, mood
swings, and sleep disturbances.
Emotional support: Provide a listening ear and connect with appropriate
resources.
Promote self-care: Encourage exercise, healthy diet, and stress management.
Regular check-ups: Schedule routine appointments to monitor overall
health.
Any Question
Thank you