COLD CLIMATE

- Talha Khan
CLIMATOLOGY - Ayaan Khan
- Jishan Ahmad
BARCH SEM 2 - Raza Shaikh
JNEC [MGMU] - Ajmal Khan
- Fardeen Pathan
NATURE OF THE COLD CLIMATE

• REGIONS THAT DWELL IN THE COLD CLIMATE ZONE ARE

SITUATED AT HIGH ALTITUDES.
• STATES SUCH AS A JAMMU AND KASHMIR, HIMACHAL
PRADESH, UTTARAKHAND, ARUNACHAL PRADESH,
SIKKIM, AND THE NORTHERN PART OF UP HAVE A COLD
CLIMATE.
• THE TEMPERATURE RANGES BETWEEN 20–30 DEGREES
CELSIUS IN SUMMERS, WHILE IN WINTERS, IT RANGES
FROM NEGATIVE 3–8 DEGREES CELSIUS, MAKING IT QUITE
CHILLY.
• DIVIDED INTO; 1. COLD AND CLOUDY 2. COLD AND SUNNY
 COLD AND SUNNY

• EXPERIENCED IN LEH (LADAKH), THE REGION IS

MOUNTAINOUS, WITH SPARSE VEGETATION. THIS IS ONE OF
THE REASONS WHY IT IS ALSO CONSIDERED BEING A COLD
DESERT.
• SOLAR RADIATION IS USUALLY INTENSE WITH A REALLY
LOW PERCENTAGE OF DIFFUSE RADIATION. IN SUMMER, THE
TEMPERATURE REACHES 17–24 C DURING THE DAY AND 4–11
C IN THE DARK.
• THESE PLACES ARE USUALLY HIGHLAND REGIONS WITH
ABUNDANT VEGETATION IN THE SUMMER.
• THE INTENSITY OF RADIATION IS LOW IN WINTER WITH A
HIGH PERCENTAGE OF DIFFUSE RADIATION. IN SUMMER, THE
MAXIMUM AMBIENT TEMPERATURES ARE IN THE RANGE OF
20–30 C DURING THE DAY AND 17–27 C AT NIGHT, MAKING
SUMMERS QUITE PLEASANT.
 COLD AND CLOUDY

• IN WINTER, THE VALUES RANGE FROM -7 TO 8 DEGREES CELSIUS

DURING THE DAY AND -14 TO 0 DEGREES CELSIUS IN THE DARK.
WINTERS THUS ARE EXTREMELY COLD.
• THE LOW RELATIVE HUMIDITY, RANGING FROM ABOUT 10–50%,
AND LESS PRECIPITATION THAN 200 MM PER YEAR, MARKS THIS
TYPE OF CLIMATE. THE SKY IS FAIRLY CLEAR THROUGHOUT THE
YEAR WITH A CLOUDINESS OF BUT 50%.
• IN WINTER, THE VALUES RANGE BETWEEN 4 AND EIGHT DEGREES
CELSIUS DURING THE DAY AND -3 TO 4 DEGREES CELSIUS IN THE
DARK, MAKING IT CHILLY.
• THE RATIO IS USUALLY HIGH AND RANGES FROM 70 TO 80%.
ANNUAL TOTAL PRECIPITATION OF 1000 MM IS DISTURBED
UNIFORMLY THROUGHOUT THE YEAR. THE SKY IS OVERCAST FOR
MOST OF THE YEAR EXCEPT DURING THE BRIEF SUMMER.
 IMPACT OF CLIMATE ON BUILDING DESIGN
• CLIMATE HAS A SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE ON THE TYPE OF MATERIALS USED, THE
LOCATION OF THE STRUCTURE, AND EVEN THE ORIENTATION OF THE BUILDING
ITSELF.
• WITH THE RIGHT DESIGN, ONE CAN MAXIMIZE A STRUCTURE’S ENERGY EFFICIENCY,
SUSTAINABILITY, AND SAFETY LEVELS, WHILE REDUCING THE NEED FOR ENERGY
CONSUMPTION AND OTHER COSTLY MAINTENANCE.
• COLD CLIMATES PRESENT A UNIQUE SET OF CHALLENGES FOR ARCHITECTS AND
BUILDING DESIGNERS. STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY, MATERIALS SELECTION, HEATING,
COOLING SYSTEMS, AND AESTHETICS MUST ALL BE CONSIDERED WHEN DESIGNING
FOR COLD CLIMATES, AS THESE ELEMENTS ULTIMATELY CONTRIBUTE TO BUILDING
PERFORMANCE AND OCCUPANT COMFORT.
• FIRST AND FOREMOST, COLD TEMPERATURES REQUIRE BUILDINGS TO BE DESIGNED
WITH APPROPRIATE STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY. BUILDING CODES AND STANDARDS
TYPICALLY SPECIFY THE MINIMUM REQUIRED STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS OF A
BUILDING’S FRAME.
ARCHITECTURE IN COLD
CLIMATES

• THE NEED FOR INCREASED STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS IS EVEN

MORE IMPORTANT FOR COLD CLIMATES, AS COLD
TEMPERATURES CAN LEAD TO INCREASED BUILDING
MOVEMENT AND POTENTIAL STRUCTURAL FAILURE.
• HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS ARE ALSO ESSENTIAL
COMPONENTS OF BUILDING DESIGN IN COLD CLIMATES.
HEATING SYSTEMS MUST BE DESIGNED WITH ENOUGH
CAPACITY TO PROVIDE WARMTH INDOORS WHILE COOLING
SYSTEMS MUST BE DESIGNED TO PREVENT INDOOR
TEMPERATURES FROM BECOMING TOO WARM.
• ENERGY EFFICIENCY SHOULD ALSO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT
TO FURTHER OPTIMIZE INDOOR COMFORT, WITH SYSTEMS
DESIGNED TO MINIMIZE ENERGY CONSUMPTION WHILE STILL
PROVIDING SUFFICIENT HEATING AND COOLING
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

• THE MAIN CRITERIA FOR DESIGN IN BOTH

CLIMATE REGIONALISM AT RESISTING HEAT
LOSS BY INSULATION AND INFILTRATION AND
PROMOTING HEAT GAIN BY DIRECTLY
ADMITTING AND TRAPPING SOLAR
RADIATION WITHIN THE LIVING SPACE.
• WITH THE RIGHT KIND AND AMOUNT OF
HEATING, LIGHTING, AND VENTILATION, WE
CAN TRANSFORM A BUILDING TO HAVE
IDEAL INDOOR AND OUTDOOR COMFORT FOR
THE USERS.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS: BUILDING
ORIENTATION

• OPTIMUM SUN ABSORPTION IS CRUCIAL FOR

THERMAL COMFORT IN COLD CLIMATES. THIS
IS WHY THE PROJECT MUST BE ORIENTED IN A
WAY THAT TAKES FULL ADVANTAGE OF THE
SUN DURING BOTH SUMMER AND WINTER.
• THE BUILDING SHOULD BE LOCATED ON THE
SOUTH SLOPE OF A HILL OR MOUNTAIN FOR
BETTER ACCESS TO SOLAR RADIATION. COLD
WINDS CAN BE AVOIDED BY LOCATING THE
BUILDINGS ON THE LEEWARD SIDE.
 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS: FORM AND
PLANNING
IN COLD CLIMATES, INDOOR AIR IS COOLED IN THE
PROCESS OF IT FLOWING FROM INSIDE TO OUTSIDE. THIS
COULD LEAD TO EXCESSIVE WATER VAPOUR
CONDENSATION IF NOT CONSIDERED DURING THE
DESIGN.
AIR-TIGHT CONSTRUCTION WILL PREVENT HOT AIR FROM
ESCAPING FROM THE BUILDING ENVELOPE AND COLD AIR
FROM ENTERING IT.
COVERED ENTRANCES AND OPEN SPACES PREVENT
EXCESSIVE COLD AIR FROM DISRUPTING THE COMFORT
OF THE USERS WHILE ENTERING OR EXITING THE
BUILDING.
• RECESSED ENTRYWAYS HELP PROTECT THE ENTRANCE
FROM PREVAILING WINDS.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS: DAYLIGHTING

MAKE THE MOST OUT OF THE AVAILABLE

NATURAL LIGHT IN THE SITE AND DESIGN
OPENINGS TO LET IN MAXIMUM LIGHT.
• USE OF GLASS FACADES AND ROOFS FOR
APPROPRIATE DAYLIGHTING FOR SPACES THAT
REQUIRE THE MOST LIGHT.
• IN COLD CLIMATES FENESTRATION SHOULD BE
LARGE, UN SHADED BUT SEALED. THIS WOULD
ENABLE HEAT GAIN BUT REDUCE COOL
BREEZES. FENESTRATION LOCATION WOULD
BE OF LITTLE CONSEQUENCE.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS: OPENINGS

DOUBLE GLAZING ON WINDOWS IS HIGHLY EFFECTIVE

FOR COLD CLIMATES TO EFFICIENTLY REDUCE HEAT LOSS.
PROVIDE SOUTH-FACING GLASS WINDOWS TO MAXIMIZE
THE HEAT GAIN DURING THE WINTER MONTHS WHEN IT
WILL BE THE COLDEST.
WINDOW GLAZING WITH A LOW U-FACTOR WILL HELP
REDUCE WINTER HEAT LOSS AND RETAIN HEAT FROM THE
DAY FOR USE DURING THE NIGHT.
• THE GLAZING SHOULD BE WELL INSULATED TO
PREVENT THE LEAKAGE OF HEAT INTO THE EXTERIOR.
 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS: MATERIALS

• INSULATING MATERIALS SUCH AS TIMBER AND MUD PLASTER CAN BE USED ON THE WALLS TO CREATE
FACADES THAT PREVENT HEAT LOSS AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE.
• TIMBER-PANELED WALLS AND WINDOWS HELP REDUCE THE RATE OF TRANSFER OF HEAT AND ARE
ALSO MOSTLY AVAILABLE IN COLD CLIMATIC SPACES.
• THERMAL MASS: THESE MATERIALS ARE HEAVY AND DENSE, AND THEREFORE HIGH IN WHAT IS
TECHNICALLY CALLED THERMAL MASS.
• COMMON MATERIALS USED FOR THERMAL MASS INCLUDE CONCRETE OR FILLED CONCRETE BLOCK,
STONE OR MASONRY USUALLY USED IN FLOORS OR WALLS.
• THERMAL MASS WILL ABSORB HEAT FROM THE SUN DURING THE DAY AND RADIATE IT OUT AS THE
TEMPERATURE DROPS IN THE AFTERNOON THROUGHOUT THE EVENING.
• EXTERNAL THERMAL MASS WALLS MUST BE INSULATED ON THE EXTERNAL SURFACE TO PREVENT
HEAT LOSS AND EXPOSED ON THE INSIDE OF THE HOUSE.
• INSULATING PANELS THAT CAN BE FITTED TO THE OUTSIDE OF NEW AND EXISTING CONCRETE AND
CONCRETE BLOCK WALLS
 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS: TROMBE WALLS
• A TROMBE WALL IS A MASSIVE EQUATOR-FACING
WALL THAT IS PAINTED A DARK COLOR IN ORDER TO
ABSORB THERMAL ENERGY FROM INCIDENT
SUNLIGHT AND COVERED WITH A GLASS ON THE
OUTSIDE WITH AN INSULATING AIR-GAP BETWEEN
THE WALL AND THE GLAZE.
• A TROMBE WALL IS A PASSIVE SOLAR BUILDING
DESIGN STRATEGY THAT ADOPTS THE CONCEPT OF
INDIRECT-GAIN, WHERE SUNLIGHT FIRST STRIKES A
SOLAR ENERGY COLLECTION SURFACE IN CONTACT
WITH A THERMAL MASS OF AIR.
• THE SUNLIGHT ABSORBED BY THE MASS IS
CONVERTED TO THERMAL ENERGY (HEAT) AND
THEN TRANSFERRED INTO THE LIVING SPACE.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS: STEEP ROOF

• PUT GRAVITY TO WORK BY SELECTING A

STEEP ROOF DESIGN FOR NEW
CONSTRUCTION. GABLED ROOFS ARE
ESSENTIALLY TWO SLOPING PLANES THAT
MEET AT A SINGLE POINT.
• SNOW WILL SLIDE OFF BETTER THAN ON
OTHER ROOF STYLES, WHICH PREVENTS
ACCUMULATION. IF YOUR ROOF HAS TOO
MUCH SNOW, IT MAY BE MORE THAN THE
HOME CAN HANDLE, CAUSING DAMAGE TO
YOUR HOUSE.
 SUNSPACES OR SOLARIUMS
• SUNSPACES OR SOLARIUMS ARE ESSENTIALLY USED FOR PASSIVE
HEATING PURPOSES IN COLD CLIMATES. AN INTEGRATION OF THE
DIRECT GAIN AND THERMAL STORAGE CONCEPTS IS ACHIEVED IN THIS
APPROACH.
• SOLAR RADIATION ADMITTED DIRECTLY INTO THE SUNSPACE HEATS
UP THE AIR, WHICH BY CONVECTION AND CONDUCTION THROUGH THE
MASS WALL REACHES THE LIVING SPACE. IT CONSISTS ESSENTIALLY
OF A SUNSPACE OR A GREEN HOUSE CONSTRUCTED ON THE SOUTH
SIDE (IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE) OF THE BUILDING WITH A
THICK MASS WALL LINKING THE TWO.
• TEMPERATURE INSIDE THE SUNSPACE MUST BE CONTROLLED
DEPENDING ON ITS USAGE. SHADING TO PREVENT OVERHEATING IN
SUMMER AND MOVABLE INSULATION AND SHUTTERS TO PREVENT
HEAT LOSS IN WINTER CAN BE PROVIDED.
• IF THE SUNSPACES ARE USED FOR PLANTATION OR GREEN HOUSE
PURPOSE, HUMIDITY CONTROL MUST BE INCORPORATED TO PREVENT
MOULD FROM GROWING ON THE STORAGE MASS OR OTHER
MATERIALS KEPT INSIDE.
OTHER THERMAL STRATEGIES

MAKE SURE TO UTILIZE HEAT FROM EXISTING APPLIANCES INSIDE THE BUILDING SUCH AS THE BURNER AND
FIREPLACES.
ROCK BEDS HELP INCREASE THE THERMAL MASS OF THE BUILDING BY MAKING USE OF EXISTING HEAT TO
CREATE MORE HEAT.
EARTH BERMS – UTILIZING EARTH AGAINST BUILDING WALLS TO REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF HEAT LOSS FROM
INSIDE THE BUILDING.
• SUNSPACES HELP STORE SOLAR HEAT CENTRALLY FOR EQUAL DISTRIBUTION INTO ALL SPACES INSIDE THE
BUILDING.
• USE TREES AS NATURAL WIND BARRIERS OR BUFFERS BY PLANTING THEM NEAR WINDOWS TO BLOCK
COLD AIR FROM ENTERING THE BUILDING.
• PLANTS AND TREES CHOSEN FOR LANDSCAPING MUST BE ABLE TO SURVIVE THE HARSH CLIMATIC
DIFFERENCES.
 CASE STUDY: JALALI HOUSE, SRINAGAR

• A THREE-STOREY HOUSE AT ZADIBAL AREA OF OLD

SRINAGAR EXHIBITS UNIQUE TRADITION OF ART AND
ARCHITECTURE OF ANCIENT KASHMIR. POPULARLY
KNOWN AS JALALI HOUSE OR JALALI HAVELI,
• THE MASSIVE STRUCTURE IS AN ATTRACTIVE
ARCHITECTURAL SITE CONSTRUCTED WITH MAHARAJI
BRICKS AND INTRICATE LATTICE WORK ON WINDOWS
AND DOORS. TWO HEXAGONAL BALCONIES
OVERLOOKING THE LAWNS OF THE HISTORIC BUILDING
ADD TO ITS GRANDEUR.
• THE HOUSE WAS CONSTRUCTED BY AGHA SYED
SAFDAR JALALI IN 1863 USING TAQ STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERING. IT IS AMONG THE 10 SITES LISTED TO BE
DECLARED AS HERITAGE SITES BY THE GOVERNMENT.
CLIMATE: SRINAGAR
CLIMATE: SRINAGAR
CLIMATE: SRINAGAR
 JALALI HOUSE: KASHMIR’S MARVEL MANSION

• CONSTRUCTED BY AGAH SYED SAFDAR

JALALI IN 1863 USING ARCH—TAQ—
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING, HERITAGE
HOUSE IS AMONG THE FEW ANCIENT
BUILDINGS OF 19TH CENTURY THAT EXHIBITS
THE UNIQUE TRADITION, LIFE ALONG WITH
ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF KASHMIR.
• THE STRUCTURE EXEMPLIFIES VERNACULAR
ARCHITECTURE OF THE REGION WHICH HAD
ITS CHARM ROOTED IN THE TRADITIONAL
BRICK AND LATTICE WORK, COURTYARDS,
BALCONIES (DABS) AND COLORFUL WINDOWS.
THE HOUSE CONSISTS OF A RECTANGULAR THREE STOREY TWELVE TAG BUILDING ORIENTED
ALONG THE EAST-WEST AXIS WITH THE MAIN ENTRANCE LOCATED TO THE RIGHT OF THE
CENTRE ALONG THE MAIN SOUTHERN FACADE.
• THE BUILDING MAINLY CONSISTS OF HUGE HALLS ON ALL THREE FLOORS WITH A SMALLER
SIDE ROOM LOCATED ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE STAIRCASE LOBBY. KHATAMBAND CEILING
HAS BEEN USED IN ALMOST ALL THE FLOORS.
A REGULAR ARRANGEMENT OF POINTED ARCHED WINDOW OPENINGS
WITH PINJRAKARI WORK GIVES THE BUILDING AN IMPRESSIVE
APPEARANCE.
• ONLY WOODEN ROOF AND
PILLARS ARE POLISHED SO
THAT IT DOESN’T CATCH
WORMS. REST IS
UNTOUCHED BE IT THE
DESIGN OR THE COLOR OF
THE WALLS.
• THE WAY THIS HOUSE WAS
ARCHITECTED IS TO KEEP
HARSH WEATHER OF
KASHMIR IN MIND IN
ABSENCE OF LATEST
HEATING/AC
TECHNOLOGIES.
• IT’S DESIGNED SO THAT IT
GETS MAX SUN IN WINTER
AND MINIMUM IN SUMMER.
• WALLS ARE OVER THREE FEET IN
THICKNESS AND THEY MOSTLY
USED WOOD AND CLAY TO KEEP
ROOMS WARM IN WINTER N COOL
IN SUMMER.
• THEY ALSO USED WOOD INSTEAD
OF DPC THESE DAYS TO PREVENT
WATER SEEPAGE.

THIS ROOM IS IN THE FIRST FLOOR.

SEE THE THICK WALLS ON THE
WINDOW ARCS.
• THE WALLS OF THE HALL AND THE ROOMS, WHOSE ENTRANCE PAVES THROUGH
LATERAL GALLERIES, ARE DECORATED WITH COLORFUL HANDMADE FLOWERS USING
VEGETABLE DYES–NAQASHI–WHERE MULTICOLOR WINDOW PANES CHANGES THE
AMBIENCE ACCORDING TO THE DIFFERENT LIGHTING CONDITIONS OF THE DAY.
• THE HOUSE IS DIVIDED IN TWO
PARTS; WESTERN SIDE CONSISTS OF
BIG HALLS—DEEWAN KHANA’S—
PARALLEL TO EACH OTHER, THEN
USED TO THROWN PARTIES AND
EASTERN SIDE WITH PRIVATE
ROOMS MEANT TO HOST THE
GUESTS.
• THE DEEWAAN-KHAS ON SECOND
FLOOR SLIGHTLY LARGER THAN
THE ONE BELOW REMAINS THE
CENTRE OF ATTRACTION FOR THE
VISITORS AND FILM MAKERS
MOSTLY.
This lone surviving rectangular structure, that once had four wings with a courtyard in the middle, greets
visitors with stunning Maharaji brick and lattice works with two hexagonal balconies—Dab—on the corner
of each top.
History of this house is although old but the impact from
the golden architectural hands of Kashmiri people
describes patience, handwork, and talent of our history.

This house and several other houses need

renovation, because history always makes a
present and future proud.
THANK YOU

- Talha Khan
- Ayaan Khan
- Jishan Ahmad
- Raza Shaikh
- Ajmal Khan
- Fardeen Pathan