HIV

PRESENTED BY
H. MOHAMED MUZAMMIL
1ST YEAR MASTER IN HOSPITAL
ADMINISTRATION
INTRODUCTION
 HIV was first identified in the year 1981
among homosexuals.
 In 1983 French investigator named it as

Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus {LAV}.

 In 1984 the virus was isolated by Gallo and

Coworkers from national institute of health in

United States.
 They named it as Human T-Cell

Lymphotropic virus III{HTLV-III},

CONTD
 Thailand was the first country to report a case of
AIDS in 1984.
 In 1986 a new strain of HIV was isolated in west
African patient with AIDS which is called HIV-2.
 In may 1986 international committee on
taxonomy gave a new name called Human
Immune deficiency Virus.
 Since its identification HIV/AIDS is devastating
disease of mankind.
 Once a virus is infected, virus remains life long.
GLOBAL AND REGIONAL SCENARIOS
 34 million people are living with HIV.
 26 Million people are eligible for antiretroviral

theraphy, under WHO 2013 consolidated ARV

guidelines
 At the end of 2012 about 10 million of people

has access to ARV therapy.

 HIV claimed more than 25 million lives over

the past 3 decades.

INDIAN REGION
 Third largest HIV epidemic in the world.
 In 2017, HIV prevalence among aludts {16-49

years} -0.2%.
 This figure is small as compared to most

other middle – income countries, but because

of india’s large population{1.3 billion
people}this equates to 2.1 million people
living with HIV.
CONTD
 Overall India‘s HIV epidemic is slowing down.
 Between 2010 and 2017 new infections is

declined by 27%.
 AIDS related death has fallen by 56%.
 In 2017 79% of the people living HIV were

aware of their status of whom 56% were on

Anitiretrovial treatment.
KEY POPULATION AFFECTED IN
INDIA
 The HIV epidemic in India is driven by sexual
transmission.
 Followed by parent to child, injecting drug

users, homosexual and blood and blood

product use etc.
SOURCE OF INFECTION
 Virus has been found in greatest
concentration in blood, semen and CSF.
 Lower concentration has been detected in

tears, saliva, breast milk, urine, cervical and

vaginal secretion.
 To date only blood and semen have been

conclusively shown to transmit the virus.

HOST FACTORS
 AGE:20-49 years
 SEX: In North America, Europe and Australia

-51% of cases are homosexual or bisexual men.

 Certain sexual practices increase the risk of infection

more than others, e.g., multiple sexual partners, anal

intercourse, and male homosexuality .Higher rate of
HIV infection is found in prostitution.
 High risk groups: Male homosexuals and bisexuals,

heterosexual partners(including prostitutes),

intravenous drug abusers, transfusion recipients of
blood and blood products, haemophilias and clients
of STD.
PHASES OF HIV INFECTION
1.Phase 1(3-12 weeks)
 Acute HIV syndromes
 Sore throat
 Fever
 Skin rash
 Meningitis
 High viremia
Contd.
 2. Middle chronic phase(10-12years)
 Competition between HIV and host immune

system
 Patient asymptomatic or has mild symptoms
 Moderate viremia
 3. Phase 3
 Full blown AIDS
 Severe immuno- suppression
 Drop in CD4 count below 200/ul (normal

count:>950 CD4 cells/ul)

 High viremia
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
HIV is transmitted:
DURING SEXUAL CONTACT
 Unprotected sex
 Transmission from male to female is more

(twice) as compared to female to male.

 STDs facilitate for transmission of HIV
CONTD
Thorough infected blood:

 Use of contaminated needles and syringes

 Sharing needles
CONTD
Through infected blood/blood products

 Transfusion of HIV infected blood or blood

products
CONTD
 Maternal to fetous:

 Before birth
 During birth
LAB DIAGNOSIS
 Direct tests

 ELISA(enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic
assay)
 Restoration DNA technique
 Vial isolation in culture

 Indirect tests

 CD4 counts
 Lymphopenia
 Lymphnode biopsy
PREVENTION
 Rising awarness
 Use of condom
 IDU’S should be informed not to share needle and
syringes.
 Advertisement from different media and channel.
 Prevention of blood born HIV transmission.
 People in high risk group should urged to refrain from
donation of blood, body organs or other tissue.
 The donor blood should be screened for HIV 1 and HIV 2
before transfusion.
 Strict sterilization technique should be applied to the
hospitals and clinics.
 Rehabilitation of HIV/AIDS cases.
CONTD
 90-90-90 treatment targets- 90% of the
people with HIV being aware of their infection
 90% of people aware that they have HIV

initiating ART.
 90% of those receiving ART having

undetectable levels of HIV in their blood by

2020.
THE END

THANK YOU.