ETHNOCENTRISM &

XENOPHOBIA
 INTRODUCTION
 ETHNOCENTRISM MEANS TO APPLY ONE'S
OWN CULTURE OR ETHNICITY AS A FRAME OF REFERENCE
TO JUDGE OTHER CULTURES,
PRACTICES, BEHAVIORS, BELIEFS, AND PEOPLE, INSTEAD OF
USING THE STANDARDS OF THE PARTICULAR CULTURE
INVOLVED.

 “ETHNOCENTRISM” FIRST APPLIED BY “WILLIAM GRAHAM

SUMNER”.

 EXAMPLE: AMERICANS TEND TO VALUE TECHNOLOGICAL

ADVANCEMENT, INDUSTRIALIZATION, AND THE
ACCUMULATION OF WEALTH.
 EXAMPLE: DRIVING
 EXAMPLE: ALADDIN FROM DISNEY AS AN EXAMPLE OF
ETHNOCENTRISM
 AN INDIVIDUAL WITH AN ETHNOCENTRIC VIEW:

 DEFINES THEIR CULTURE ELEMENTS AS “CORRECT” &

“NORMAL”.
 THINKS IN-GROUP NORMS ARE UNIVERSAL.
 IDENTIFY STRONGLY WITH IN-GROUP CULTURE.

CHARACTERISTICS  FEELS PROUD, SUPERIOR ABOUT IN-GROUP.

 REJECTS OUT-GROUP CULTURES.

 FEELS LIKE OTHER CULTURES AND ETHNICITIES ARE SUPERIOR.
 DEFINES OTHER CULTURES ELEMENTS AS “INCORRECT” &
“UNNATURAL”.
 XENOPHOBIA: A FEAR OR HATRED OF PERSONS OF A DIFFERENT
RACE, OR DIFFERENT ETHNIC OF NATIONAL ORIGIN.
 AMERICAN
EXCEPTIONALIS
M
Perception that US
differs from other
developed nations
because of its unique
origins, belief that
US is hope for
humanity
EUROCENTRISM
SINOCENTRISM
Emphasis on
Any ethnocentric
European culture;
perspective that
other cultures are

TYPES OF
regards China to be
inferior or even
central or unique
denied their
relative to other
existence as truly
countries
human

ETHNOCENTRISM
JAPANOCENTRIS INDIAN
M NATIONALISM
Belief that Japan is, Political & cultural
or should be, at the expression of
center of the world patriotism by
culturally, citizens of India;
economically, & pride in the history/
politically heritage of India
 EFFECTS ON SOCIETY
POSITIVE NEGATIVE

• IT PROVIDES COMPENSATION TO THE • THE PROCESS OF SOCIAL RELATIONS

PEOPLE OF LOW STATUS. AMONG VARIOUS GROUPS GETS
• IT PROMOTES NATIONALISM AND SLOWER.
PATRIOTISM AMONG THE MEMBERS • THE PREJUDICE CREATED BY IT
OF SOCIETY. CREATES CONFLICT AND TENSION
• CASTE, BIRADRI DEVELOP BY IT IN AMONG MANY GROUPS.
WHICH MARRIAGE AND OTHER • THE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN
SOCIAL RELATIONS ARE GENERAL IS SLOWED DOWN IN SUCH
FACILITATED. CULTURES WHEN ETHNOCENTRISM IS
EMPHASIZED IN BOOKS,
NEWSPAPERS, RADIO AND
TELEVISION.
 EXAMPLES IN
PAKISTAN’S CULTURE

• FOR EXAMPLE WE IN PAKISTAN SAY THAT “HINDU”

CULTURE OR WESTERN CULTURE IS NOT GOOD, WE PASS
SUCH A JUDGEMENT, KEEPING OUR OWN CULTURAL
AND SOCIAL STANDARDS IN OUR MINDS.

• ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF ETHNOCENTRISM IN PAKISTAN,

WOMEN MOSTLY OBSERVE “PARDAH”, THUS WE HAVE
BEEN CONDITIONED WITH THIS PATTERN OF CULTURE.
 HISTORICAL
EXAMPLES
(NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF ETHNOCENTRISM)

• THE HOLOCAUST
• CRUSADES
• THE TRAIL OF TEARS
 XENOPHOBIA

XENOPHOBIA IS THE FEAR OR HATRED OF THAT WHICH IS

PERCEIVED TO BE FOREIGN OR STRANGE. IT IS AN
EXPRESSION OF PERCEIVED CONFLICT BETWEEN AN IN-
GROUP AND AN OUT-GROUP AND MAY MANIFEST IN
SUSPICION BY THE ONE OF THE OTHER'S ACTIVITIES.

• PAKISTANI EXAMPLE: (CASE OF DUAL NATIONALITIES)

• EXAMPLE AROUND THE GLOBE: (XENOPHOBIC
VIOLENCE IN DEMOCRATIC SOUTH AFRICA)
EFFECTS OF XENOPHOBIA

• EXCESSIVE, PERSISTENT AND INTENSE

FEAR OR ANXIETY
• DISPROPORTIONATE TO ANY ACTUAL
DANGER
• SELF-LIMITING
• EXTREMES TO AVOID TRIGGERING
FOREIGNERS
THANK YOU