TRAFFIC

MANAGEMENT AND
ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION WITH
DRIVING
PILLARS OF TRAFFIC
 TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

• The science of measuring traffic and travel

• The study of the basic laws relative to traffic law and
generation
• The professional practice of planning, deciding and operating
traffic system to achieve safe and efficient transportation of
persons and goods.
FUNCTIONS OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

a.Fact – finding, surveys and recommendations

of traffic rules and regulations;
b.Supervisions and maintenance to the
application of traffic control devices; and
c.Planning of traffic regulations.
 AGENCIES AND/OR OFFICES UNDER
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
a. DPWH – its scope is national which includes the responsibility for determining traffic
law, pattern, draw origin and destinations, studies of persons and things, planning,
funding and construction.
b. Provincial Governments – these local governments units have similar responsibilities
with the DPWH but limited to traffic facilities in the municipalities within the province.
c. Municipal Governments – their responsibilities are similar to the provincial
government but limited to the network of streets and roads within the barangays.
d. Chartered Cities – their responsibilities are similar to that of the municipal
government but limited to the network of streets and roads within the cities.
 OBJECTIVES OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

a. To achieve efficient, free and rapid flow of traffic;

b. To prevent traffic accident;
c. To simplify police enforcement actions and performance;
d. To show that good police actions and performance makes
engineering plans effective; and
e. To present the close relationship of the pillars of traffic in the
improvement of the traffic problems.
 WHEN AND WHERE THE OBJECTIVES OF
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING ARE APPLIED?

a.Habitually congested commercial areas;

b.Heavily traveled thoroughfares;
c. Congested local areas and intersections;
d.During special occasions and events;
e.During disasters or emergencies; and
f. At school crossings.
 TRAFFIC EDUCATION
It is the process of giving training and practice in the
actual application of traffic safety knowledge. The
following are the agencies and offices responsible for
traffic education:
a. Schools (Private and Public). Traffic education can be
carried out by imparting knowledge concerning traffic
safety, training and practice in the actual application
of traffic safety, and developing traffic safety morality.
b. Public Information Programs. The public should be informed
on all activities affecting the citizens and the community
relating to traffic (dissemination of information). This can be
done through the public information agency, newspapers, radio
and television broadcasting networks, and other forms of
media.
c. Citizen Support Groups. These are mostly composed of
voluntary non- government organizations (NGOs), radio
communication groups, rotary organizations, and other
voluntary clubs.
 TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT
 This field deals mostly on the implementation and enforcement of traffic
laws and rules and regulations. The following are the various
agencies/offices that are involved in enforcement of traffic laws:
a. Land Transportation Office (LTO)
b. Legislative Bodies
c. Police Traffic Enforcement. This pillar is not limited to the PNP-TMG but it
includes all government personnel who are duly authorized for the direct
enforcement of traffic laws such as:
 The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority for NCR
 Police Auxiliaries
 LTO Flying Squad
 TRAFFIC ECOLOGY OR TRAFFIC
ENVIRONMENT
• This pillar is very recent which includes the study of potentially disastrous population explosion, changes in urban environment due to
the scale and density of new urban concentration and new activities carried out, air pollution, water pollution and crowding, especially
transport congestion which result therein.
• What are the environmental of the urbanizations of transportation:
a. Noise
b. Vibration
c. Air Pollution
d. Dirt
e. Visual Intrusion
f. Loss of Privacy
g. Changes in Amount of Light
h. Neighborhood Severance, both physical and sociological
i. Relocation
j. Distraction during Planning and Construction
k. Accident Experiences
l. Pedestrian Journey
m.Congestion and Other Benefits to Vehicles.
EXTERNAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE
EXISTING AND FUTURE BEHAVIOR OF
POPULATION.

1.Rapidly increasing population growth

2.Rapidly increasing urbanization
3.Rapidly increasing motorization
4.Industrialization and technical modernization
5.Improvement of the transportation network
that is the street network and the public
transportation facilities.
 LAWS AND STATUTES CONCERNING TRAFFIC ECOLOGY

a. P.D. 1181 - Providing for the prevention, control and abatement

of Air Pollution from motor vehicles and for other purposes.
b. Letter of Instruction No. 551 – Directing the law enforcement
agencies to implement the pollution control program.
c. R.A. 8749 otherwise known as the Clean Air Act – an act
providing for the regulation of motor vehicles emitting toxic
gases like the use of the diesel and leaded gasoline.
 TRAFFIC ECONOMY

•The most recent of the pillars of traffic

which deals with the benefits and adverse
effects of traffic to our economy. Primarily,
traffic operation is designed to expedite the
movement of traffic.
TRAFFIC SAFETY
EDUCATION
 CONCEPT

• Traffic Safety Education. It is the process of training road

users in the avoidance and prevention of traffic-related
accidents.
• Road Safety. It refers to reduced risk of accident or injury
on the roads, achieved through multidisciplinary approaches
involving road engineering and traffic management,
education and training of road users, and vehicle design.
 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO ACCIDENTS

Research studies in the United Kingdom have shown that human factors contribute to 95
percent of accidents, road factors to about one quarter of a percent, and vehicle factors to
fewer than five percent.

1. Human Errors:
a. Going too fast or excessive speed;
b. Failing to give at junctions;
c. Following too closely;
d. Overtaking improperly;
e. Misperceiving or misjudging the road situation ahead;
f. Intoxication of alcohol or drug; and
g. Lack of skill
1. Road deficiencies that are main contributory factors are:
a. Poor design of layout and control at junctions;
b. Inadequate signing, road marking and lighting;
c. Slippery roads; and
d. Obstructions on the road such as parked vehicle, on going road construction
2. Main vehicle factors:
a. Defects in tires, brakes, and lights;
b. Absence or non-using of seat belts; and
c. Poorly maintained motor vehicles

• Levels of Traffic Safety Education:

1. Imparting knowledge concerning traffic safety;
2. Training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety knowledge; and
3. Developing traffic safety morality.
• Traffic Safety for Children
• This is highly unsystematic and is usually carried out in the home through
parental education and in kindergarten and nurseries. This is now necessary to make
it systematic to lessen the number of children fatalities and injuries.
1. Elementary
• Pupils are usually educated by stressing on traffic safety and guidelines, and
classroom discussions of accidents, incidents and other traffic safety rules.
1. Secondary
• This level initiates driver education program because students have reached
the age to drive, hence, proper driving habits should be stressed. It also includes
the establishment of school safety organizations.
1. Higher Education
• Some universities and colleges offer and conduct courses to private and
public agencies regarding traffic safety subjects.
• Traffic Safety Education for Adults
• Safety education for elder pedestrian and drivers is relatively easier
compared to the education designed for younger children since the former
group is in a better position to understand what is being taught to them.
•
• Driver’s Education
• In general driver instruction aims primarily to teach the rudiments of
driving.
• Secondary aims are as follows:
1. To instill awareness of one’s legal and moral responsibilities in traffic, and
2. To teach the abilities required for one to be eligible for a driver’s license.
 FOUR (4) BASIC TYPES OF INSTRUCTION METHODS USED IN
DRIVER EDUCATION PROGRAMS:

1. Comprehensive. This method places the student into real life of driving
situations from the beginning.
2. Traditional Instruction. This type of instruction depends on instructor-
student communication.
3. Commentary Driving Method. The student-driver accompanied by an
instructor. As the student-driver drives, the instructor has to give a
commentary on his driving – what he sees, what he does, why he does,
what he proposes to do, what others are likely to do, etc.
4. Simulated Conditions On and Off the road Training. The premise of
simulated conditions training is that the behavior of the driver – subject
placed in condition will be relatively analogous to normal behavior.
 ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF DRIVING TASKS.
DRIVERS’ EDUCATION INCLUDES:

1. Collection of information which includes:

a. Perceptual scanning
b. identification
2. Processing of information which includes;
a. Predicting; and
b. Decision making
3. Action which is focused on:
a. Motor skills and control of vehicles; and
b. Knowledge and subjective interpretation.
 BIORHYTHM

• It is the theory which asserts that man exhibits a constant

variation of life energy and mood states. Man’s theorized
cycles and interpretations rhythm is peculiar characteristics of
most natural phenomena like:
•
1. The diurnal exchange of light and darkness
2. The four seasons
3. Our wet and dry season
4. The waxing and waning of the moon.
 SAFETY CAMPAIGN

•This is a mass publicity aimed to make road users behave

more safely. These basically focus on public information
attitudes, and particular or specific behaviors, or combinations
of these.
•
•Safety campaign also known as road propaganda which
may be intended simply to inform or it may be felt that the
public is already aware of the recommended behavior by need
to be persuaded into adopting it.
1. Safety Classifications:
a. According to purpose – may be categorized as informational, attitudinal and
behavioral; and
b. According to king of appeal – used to reason by simply feeding the public with
authenticated factual data.
2. Safety Campaign Design:
a. Initial campaign planning
b. Final campaign design
c. Campaign evaluation
3. Private and Government entities responsible for Safety Campaign:
a. Newspapers
b. Radio Broadcasting Networks
c. Television Broadcasting networks
d. Public Information Agencies
 SELECTED PROVISIONS OF R.A. 4136
1. Exceeding Registered Capacity (Overloading)
• Passengers, freight or cargo load of a motor vehicle should not be more than its registered carrying
capacity. Conductors of public utility trucks or buses are held liable for he overloading of vehicles under
their charge.
•
1. Cargo Carrying Devices
• The construction of devices for carrying cargo at the rear or sides of trucks may be allowed, subject to the
approval of the Commissioner, but the total net weight of the device, including cargo, must not exceed 100
kilos.
•
1. Riding on Running Board
• It is strictly prohibited, except for conductors collecting passenger fare.
•
1. Riding on Top of the Motor Vehicle
• Passengers shall not be allowed to ride on top of motor vehicles, but baggage or freight may be carried on
top of the truck, provided that the weight thereof is not more than 20 kilos per square meter distributed in
such a way as not to endanger passengers or the vehicle’s stability.
 5. REQUIRED MOTOR VEHICLE ACCESSORIES

a. Tires
• Motor vehicles having metallic tires are prohibited from operating on any public
highway. If tires are solid, it should be thick enough to prevent the metal rims from
touching the road.
b. Brake
• Every motor vehicle with four or more wheels shall be provided with dual hydraulic
brake system so that in case of hydraulic line failure affecting the braking efficiency
of any of the four wheels at least either the front or rear wheels shall retain normal
braking capabilities.
c. Horns
• Every motor vehicle shall be provided with a horn or signaling device in good order.
Provided, however, that no horn or signaling device emitting exceptionally loud,
startling, or disagreeable sound shall be installed or used on any motor vehicle.
d. Headlight
• The vehicle should have 2 headlights, one on each side, which must be
dimmed when meeting another vehicle.
e. Tail Light
• Installed at the rear portion of the vehicle, this should be visible at least 100
meters away.
f. Stop Light
• Installed also at the vehicle’s rear.
• Red lights are prohibited at the forward portion of the vehicle. Motorcycles
must have one head lamp and one tail light. Lights should be put on when a
vehicle is parked or disabled.
g. Windshield Wiper
• Every motor vehicle shall be equipped with a mechanically or electrically
operated device for wiping off raindrops or other moisture from its windshield.
h. Use of Red Flag
• Whenever the load of any vehicle extends more than 1 meter
beyond the bed or body thereof, there shall be displayed at
every projecting end of such load, a red flag not less than 30
cms. Both in length and width, except that during the hours
fixed under subsection, there shall be displayed, in lieu of the
red flags, red lights visible at least 50 meters away.
i. Mufflers
• Every motor vehicle propelled by an internal combustion
engine shall be equipped with a muffler, and whenever said
motor vehicle passes through a street or any city, municipality,
or thickly populated district or barrio, the muffler shall not be
cut out or disconnected.
 6. HITCHING ON TO A VEHICLE.

• The following practices are prohibited:

a.Hanging on to or riding on the outside or rear end of
any vehicle.
b.Holding on to any moving vehicle whether on foot or
otherwise.
c. Driver allowing any person to hang on to or ride
outside of or at the rear end of the vehicle.
 7. DRIVING WHILE UNDER THE INFLUENCE
OF LIQUOR OR OTHER PROHIBITED DRUGS.

• It is absolutely prohibited to operate

any motor vehicle under the influences
of liquor or other prohibited drugs.
 8. OBSTRUCTION OF TRAFFIC

• Obstruction of traffic by operating a motor

vehicle in such a manner as to obstruct, block,
or impede the passage of another vehicle is
prohibited. This prohibition applies even when
discharging or loading passengers.
 9. DUTIES OF DRIVER IN CASE OF ACCIDENT

In the event that any accident should occur as a result of the

operation of a motor vehicle upon a highway, the driver shall
observe the following:

a. Stop immediately
b. Show his driver’s license to inspecting traffic law enforcer.
c. Give his true name and address, including that of the owner of the
vehicle.
d. Assist injured persons.
e. Take measures to protect belongings of passengers.
f. Report the accident.
10. WHEN COULD A DRIVER LEAVE THE AREA OF ACCIDENT WITHOUT BEING
HELD LIABLE FOR HIT-AND-RUN?

a.His life is in imminent danger of being

harmed by other person/s by reason of
the accident;
b.He surrenders to proper authority; and
c.He summons the assistance of a
physician or nurse to aid the victim.
REGISTRATION OF
MOTOR VEHICLES
 CONCEPT
•R.A. 4136, mandates that all motor vehicles shall be
registered by its owner before the designated District
Offices of the Land Transportation Office. Law
enforcement officers should keep themselves abreast
with the proper procedures of registering motor vehicles
for them to easily identify unregistered motor vehicles or
motor vehicles having expired registrations.
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF REGISTERED MOTOR
VEHICLES
1. Private (not for hire)
• These are motor vehicles used for personal use of their owners.
2. Public Utility Vehicles (PUV a.k.a. for hire)
•These are registered primarily for the conveyance of passengers
and other commercial goods, i.e., passenger jeepneys, taxi cabs, etc.
3. Government
• These motor vehicles owned by government offices and are used
for official purposes only.
4. Diplomat
• These are issued to foreign diplomats and consuls assigned in the
Philippines.
 PLATE NUMBERS
• Upon registration, motor vehicles are assigned with plate
numbers. The letter and numeral prefixes as well as the assigned
colors are based on the date and place of registrations and
purpose of the registered motor vehicle.

1. Green with white background

• Issued to private or not for hire motor vehicles (MVs)
2. Black with yellow background
• Issued to PUVs.
3. Red (maroon) with white background
• Issued to government owned MVs.
4. Blue with white background
• Assigned for foreign diplomats, consuls and other foreign dignitaries.

5. Commemorative plate
• These special plate numbers are issued for specific purposes such as fund-
raising for government projects and programs.
 SCHEDULE OF REGISTRATION

Registration of motor vehicles should be

done annually which follows the
numerical suffixes of their plate
numbers.
• Note: Vehicles may be registered one month in advance of
weekly deadline. For motorcycles, use the 3rd digit.
 LETTER PREFIXES ON PLATE NUMBERS

• The letter prefixes indicates:

1. Place of initial registration of the motor vehicle
2. Year of initial registration and the possible year model of the registered motor
vehicle could be determined from the order of the letter prefixes, i.e. the higher the
letters the later the year of registration and year model of the motor vehicle.
 SPECIAL PLATE NUMBERS FOR GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS

1 – President of the Philippines

2 – Vice President of the Philippines
3 – senate President
 DRIVER’S LICENSES

• CONCEPT

• Driving a motor vehicle in the Philippines as in

other countries is NOT a right but a privilege granted
by the Philippine government through the LTO based
on Republic Act 4136 and Batas Pambansa Blg. 398.
Further, it is a privilege which may be suspended or
revoked.
A. Duty to Procure License
• Sec. 19 of R.A. 4136 states that no person shall
operate any motor vehicle without first procuring a
license to drive for the current year.
•
b. Confiscation of Driver’s License
• Sec. 29 of R.A. 4136 mandates that a driver’s license
may be confiscated for violations of RA 4136, the
rules and regulations issued by the Commissioner
and of local traffic rules and regulations.
 TYPES OF LICENSES, PROCEDURES AND REQUIREMENTS

• International Driver’s License

Bonafide tourist and transients who are duly licensed to operate
motor vehicles in their respective countries may be allowed to operate
motor vehicles during their stay but not beyond 90 days of sojourn in
the Philippines. (Sec.21, R.A. 4136).
• Military Driver’s License
Enlisted personnel of the AFP operating motor vehicles
owned by the government shall be licensed in accordance
with RA 4136 but no license or delinquency fees shall be
collected thereof.
 • Professional Driver’s License
- This license is issued to a driver hired or paid for driving or operating a motor vehicle
whether private use or hire to the public.

• Non-Professional Driver’s License

- This kind of license is issued to owners of privately-owned motor vehicles or those not
for hire or paid for driving.
• Student Driver’s Permit
- This kind of document is issued to persons who desire to learn how to drive.
A student driver cannot operate a vehicle unless accompanied by an
instructor who may either be a licensed professional or non- professional
driver.
1. Driver’s Restriction Code
• When the driver is issued a license, the driver’s restriction
code is indicated below.
a. Motorcycles/Motorized Tricycles
b. Vehicle up to 4500 kgs Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW)
c. Vehicle above 4500 kgs GVW
d. Automatic clutch up to 4500 kgs GVW
e. Automatic clutch above 4500 kgs GVW
f. Articulated vehicle 1600 kgs GVW & below
g. Articulated vehicle 1601 kgs GVW up to 4500 kgs GVW
h. Articulated vehicle 4501 kgs& above GVW
i. Disabled
•
1. Drivers’ Condition
• The conditions for driver’s license holder while operating a motor vehicle are
indicated as follows:
a. A – wear eye glasses
•B – drive only with special equipment for upper limbs
 GENERAL RULES OF ROAD USE AND CONDUCT

• CONCEPT

The traffic rules in the Philippines are based entirely on the general rules of
road use and conduct which also include the general prohibitions and restrictions.

A. Speed Limit and Other Rules on Speed.

• Any person driving a motor vehicle on a highway shall drive the same at a
careful and prudent speed, not greater nor less than is reasonable and proper,
having due regard for the traffic, the width of the highway, and of any other
condition then and there existing; and no person shall drive any motor vehicle
upon a highway at such speed as to endanger the life, limb and property of any
person, not at a speed greater than will permit him to bring the vehicle to a stop
within the assured clear distance ahead.
 1. Maximum Allowable Speeds
• Subject to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the rate of speed of any motor vehicle
shall not exceed the speed provided by the provisions of R.A. 4136.
2. Exception to the speed limit.
• The rates of speed hereinabove prescribed shall not apply to the following:
a. A physician or her/his driver when the former responds to emergency calls.
b. The driver of a hospital ambulance on the way to and from the place of accident or another
emergency.
c. Any driver bringing a wounded or sick person for emergency treatment to a hospital, clinic, or
any other similar place.
d. The driver of a motor vehicle belonging to the Armed Forces while in use for official purposes
in times of riot, insurrection or invasion.
e. The driver of a vehicle, when he or his passengers are in pursuit of a criminal.
•
a. A law-enforcement officer who is trying to overtake a violator of traffic laws.
b. The driver officially operating a motor vehicle of any fire department, provided that exemption
shall not be construed to allow useless or unnecessary fast driving of drivers aforementioned.
3. Uniform Speed Limits throughout the Philippines
• No provincial, city or municipal authority shall enact or enforce any ordinance or resolution
specifying maximum allowable speeds other than those provided by R.A. 4136.
• Lateral Placement
Lateral placement means the proper positioning of the motor vehicle while traversing on a traffic
way or while on parked.

Proper positioning while traversing

• Proper Placement while on Parallel Parking Proper Placement while Parked Diagonally
 OVERTAKING AND PASSING

• In overtaking another vehicle, a driver should pass at a safe distance to the

left of the vehicle being overtaken and shall resume driving on the right
side of the road only after passing clear of the overtaken vehicle.
 EXCEPTION
• On the highways with two or more lanes where traffic
goes in one direction, another vehicle may be
overtaken on the right.

Overtaking on a four-lane two-way street

DRIVER TO GIVE WAY TO OVERTAKING
VEHICLE

• The driver of a motor vehicle about to be

overtaken must give way to the
overtaking vehicle and shall not increase
his speed until the overtaking vehicle
has fully passed

Restrictions on Overtaking and Passing

To avoid accident or any unusual incidents,
overtaking and passing should be observed
seriously.