Agadtantra Compilation

DNA Profiling

By Ms. Priya Soni

Batch 2019-20
What is DNA Profiling ?

• It is a technique used by the scientists to distinguish between

individuals of the same species using only samples of their DNA.

• The only difference between people (or any animal) is the order
of the base pairs.
Let’s Distinguish
 ???

• WHY IT IS HAPPENING?

• WHAT'S THE PROCEDURE?

• WHAT’S THE USE OF IT?

Why it is happening ?
Ans . Polymorphism
• Polymorphism, as related to genomics, refers to the presence
of two or more variant forms of a specific DNA sequence that
can occur among different individuals or populations.
Some types of Polymorphism

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)

SNPs are the most common type of polymorphism, involving a single

nucleotide change in the DNA sequence. These variations occur at specific
positions in the genome and can influence traits, susceptibility to diseases, and
responses to medications.
Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) or Microsatellites
• STRs consist of short, repeating sequences of DNA, typically 2 to 6 base
pairs in length, repeated in tandem. The number of repeats varies among
individuals, making STRs valuable for DNA fingerprinting and paternity
testing.
Biological materials used for DNA profiling

• Blood
• Hair
• Saliva
Blood Hair
• Semen
• Body tissue cells
• DNA samples have been
obtained from vaginal
cells transferred to the Body
outside of a condom Saliva Tissue
during sexual intercourse. cell

Vaginal
Cells
What’s the Procedure ?

Isolate the DNA

Subjected to restriction digestion using restriction

enzymes.

Separated by agarose gel electrophoresis

Transfer of separated DNA from gel slab onto the

nitrocellulose membrane

X- ray film is developed

Comparison with the other known samples

STEP 1- DNA ISOLATION
Step 2- Amplification

• Using the polymerase chain reaction, many copies of the extracted DNA are
produced (PCR).
STEP 3- DNA DIGESTION BY RESTRICTION OF ENDONUCLEASE ENZYME

• The restriction endonuclease enzyme breaks down the DNA into

smaller pieces. These enzymes cut the DNA at particular locations,
chopping it up into different lengths.
Step 4- DNA Fragment Separation

• Depending on their size, the DNA fragments are next separated

using a process called electrophoresis.

The agents that separate the DNA fragments into single strands are
then introduced.
 Step 6- Transferring (blotting) the isolated DNA fragments from the gel to
synthetic membranes such as nylon or nitrocellulose

• The isolated DNA fragments are then transferred from the gel to a nylon
membrane or nitrocellulose, and this method is known as Southern
blotting.
Step 7- Radiolabeled Probe Hybridizations

• In this stage, the radioactive isotope is added to the DNA fragments via
hybridization so that their positions may be seen on an X-ray image
Step 8- Hybridized DNA
fragment detection

The membrane is exposed to

the X-ray film to create an
autoradiograph
 Diagnosis of
Personal
Hereditary Identification
Disorders

The creation
of
Forensic
USES Science
treatments
for inherited
diseases

Determining
Detection Paternity
of AIDS and
Maternity
Lets Find !!
Personal Identification
• The notion of using DNA fingerprints as a sort of
genetic bar code to identify individuals has been
discussed

Diagnosis of Inherited Disorders

• Diagnosis inherited disorders in both prenatal and
newborn babies.
• These disorders may include cystic fibrosis,
haemophilia, Huntington's disease, familial Alzheimer's,
sickle cell anaemia, thalassemia, and many others.