GASES AND LIQUIDS

Chapter 12
CHARACTERISTICS OF GASES
 The properties of gases can be explained by a model
called the kinetic molecular theory. This theory is based
on some major assumptions about a theoretical gas often
called as an ideal gas.
 An ideal gas is defined as one in which all collisions
between atoms or molecules are perfectly eleastic and in
which there are no intermolecular attractive forces.
 The equation for ideal gas law:
 PV=nRT
 n = number of moles V= volume; T= temperature in K.
 R = universal gas constant = 8.3145 J/mol K
PROPERTIES OF GASES
 Gases are fluids: They flow just as liquids do. Gases
transmit and exert pressure equally in all directions. Gas
molecules are in constant motion and frequently collide
with one another and with the walls of the container.
 Gases have low density: Compared with liquids and
solids gases have a very low density.
 Gases are highly compressible: If you fill a syringe
with liquid and try to push the plunger in when the
opening is plugged . Nothing happens. It takes enormous
pressure to reduce the volume of a liquid or a solid.
However if there is gas or mixtures
 of gases, such as air, in the syringe, it does not take much
pressure to move the plunger down and compress the
gases.
 Gases completely fill a container and exert pressure
equally in all directions: A solid has a distinctive shape
and volume. A liquid has a distinctive volume but
assumes the shape of its container. In contrast, a gas fills
the entire container and exerts pressure on the container
in all directions. This pressure created is because of the
molecules colliding with each other.
 The temperature of a gas determines the average
kinetic energy of its particles: The kinetic energy of a
gas molecule can be expressed using the kinetic energy
equation that relates kinetic energy to one half the mass,
m,multiplied by the square of the speed,v,
 KE = ½ mv²
WHAT IS PRESSURE?
 It is the force on a surface divided by the area of that
surface. Pressure= force/area
 In SI unit force is measured in newtons (N) and the unit
of area is (m²)Therefore the unit of pressure is
Pascal(Pa). 1 pascal= 1N/m²
WHAT IS STP?
 STP is Standard conditions of temperature and pressure.
To study the effects of changing temperature and
pressure on a gas, it is useful to have a standard for
comparison. Scientists have specified a set of standard
conditions called standard temperature and pressure or
STP.
 STP= 0⁰C and 1 atm
HOME WORK
 Define the terms:
 A) Newtons

 B) Pascal

 C)Pressure
THE GAS LAWS
 Boyle’s Law: Boyle's law describes the relationship
between the product, pressure and volume within a
closed system as constant when temperature remains at a
fixed measure; both entities remain inversely
proportional.The law was named for chemist and
physicist, Robert Boyle who published the original law
in 1662. The law itself can be defined as: P1V1=P2V2
 “ For a fixed amount of gas kept at a fixed temperature,
P and V are inversely proportional (while one increases,
the other decreases). ”
CLASS PRACTICE
 Page 435 sample problem 12A
 Dalton’s Law Of Partial Pressure: The total pressure in
a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of the
individual components, each behaving as the other gases
were absent.
 Ptotal = PA+PB +Pc

 Ptotal is the total pressure of the mixture. PA,PB and Pc are

the partial pressures of the mixture’s component gases,
A,B, and C. If A, B, and C are the components of a gas
mixture, then the mole fraction of gas A is represented
mathematically as mol fraction= mol A/mol A+ B+C
 Charles Law: The volume of a sample of gas at constant
pressure is directly proportional to the absolute
temperature. V/T=k
 V1/T1=V2/T2
CLASS PRACTICE
 A sample of gas occupies 24m3 at 175 K. What volume
would the gas occupy at 400K?
 Avogadro’s Law: Avogadro proposed that equal
volumes of different gases under the same conditions of
temperature and pressure have the same number of
molecules.
 Gay Lussac’s law: At constant temperature and
pressure, gases react in volume proportions that are
whole numbers . For example, consider the formation of
gaseous hydrogen chloride from the reaction of
hydrogen gas and chlorine gas. One volume of chlorine
reacts with one volume of hydrogen to form two
volumes of hydrogen chloride.
EFFUSION AND DIFFUSION
 The passage of a gas through a small opening, called
effusion. Effusion occurs when there is a small leak in
the tire. The air in the tire effuses through the hole. At
constant temperature and pressure the rate of effusion of
a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the
molar mass, M. This is stated mathematically when
comparing the speed of effusion,v, of two gases, A and
B,
 vA/vB =√MB/MA
CLASS PRACTICE
 Page 444
 Sample 5,6,7,8
HOW DO THE GAS LAWS FIT
TOGETHER?
 The gas laws for a given quantity of gas that is changed
from one set of P, V, or T conditions to another.

 A sample of carbon dioxide with a mass of 0.250 g is

placed in a 350 ml container at 400K. What is the
pressure exerted by the gas?
CLASS PRACTICE
 Page 447
 Practice samples do all.
 A weather balloon containing helium with a volume of
410 L rises in the atmosphere and is cooled from 27⁰C to
-27⁰C. The pressure on the gas is reduced from 110 kPa
to 25 kPa. What is the volume of the gas at lower
temperature and pressure?
HOME WORK
 Page 449
 2 and 4.
GAS STOICHIOMETRY
 How many liters of hydrogen gas will be produced at
280 K and 96 kPa if 40 g of sodium react with excess
water according to the following equation?
 2Na(s) + 2H202NaOH(aq)+H2(g)
CLASS PRACTICE
 Page 451
 10,11, 13.
PHASE DIAGRAM
 What is phase?
 Any part of a system that has uniform composition and
properties.
 A phase diagram is a graph that shows the temperatures
and pressures at which a substance exists in different
phases. The phases are in equilibrium with each other
along the lines of the diagram.
 Normal boiling point: The temperature at which a
substance boils at 1,0000 atm pressure.
 Critical point: The temperature and pressure at and
above which the properties of the vapor phase of a
substance cannot be distinguished from those of the
liquid phase.
 Sublimation: A change in state where a solid is changed
into a gas without going through the liquid state.
 Triple point: the temperature and pressure at which
three phases of a substance exist in equilibrium.
HOME WORK
 Page 463
 47, 49,52 and 53.

 Test prep all