Financial

Markets,
Institution,
Instruments
Financial Markets – organized forums in
which the suppliers and users of various
types of funds can make transactions
directly

Financial Institutions – intermediaries that

channel the savings of individuals,
businesses, and governments into loans or
investments
Private Placements - the sale of a new
security directly to an investor or group of
investors.

Public Offering - The sale of either bonds or

stocks to the general public.
1. Financial Instruments – is a real or a virtual
document representing a legal agreement
involving some sort-of monetary value

•When a financial instrument is issued, it gives

rise to a financial asset on one hand and a
financial liability or equity instrument on the
other.
Recall from ABM the Following definition:
Financial Asset is any asset that is
-Cash
-an equity instrument of another entity
-a contractual right to receive cash or another
financial asset from another entity
- a contractual right to exchange instruments with
other entity under conditions that are potentially
favorable
Example: Notes Receivables, Loans Receivable,
Instruments in stocks, Investment in bonds
A Financial Liability is any liability that is a contractual
obligation:
•To deliver cash or other financial instrument to another entity.

•To exchange financial instruments with another entity under

conditions that are potentially unfavorable.
•Examples: Notes Payable, Loans Payable, Bonds Payable

-An Equity Instrument is any contract that evidences a residual

interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all liabilities.
•Examples: Ordinary Share Capital, Preference Share Capital
Common examples of Debt and Equity Instruments.
-Debt Instruments generally have fixed returns due to fixed
interest rates.

Examples of debt instruments are as follows:

•Treasury Bonds and Treasury Bills are issued by the Philippine

government.

•Corporate Bonds are issued by publicly listed companies.

-Equity Instruments generally have varied returns based on the

performance of the issuing company
The following are types of equity instruments :
•Preferred Stock has priority over a common stock
in terms of claims over the assets of a company.

•Holders of Common Stock on the other hand are

the real owners of the company.
2. Financial Markets
Classify Financial Markets into comparative groups:

Public offering - The sale of either bonds or stocks to the general public.

Private placement - The sale of a new security directly to an investor or group of

investors.

Secondary market - Financial market in which preowned securities (those that are not
new issues) are traded.

Money market - A financial relationship created between suppliers and users of short-
term funds.

Capital market - A market that enables suppliers and users of long-term funds to
make transactions
3. Financial Institutions
Identify examples of financial institutions:

-Commercial Banks - Individuals deposit funds at commercial

banks, which use the deposited funds to provide commercial
loans to firms and personal loans to individuals, and purchase
debt securities issued by firms or government agencies.

-Insurance Companies - Individuals purchase insurance (life,

property and casualty, and health) protection with insurance
premiums.
-Mutual Funds - Mutual funds are owned by investment companies
which enable small investors to enjoy the benefits of investing in a
diversified portfolio of securities purchased on their behalf by
professional investment managers.

-Pension Funds - Financial institutions that receive payments from

employees and invest the proceeds on their behalf.

-Other financial institutions include pension funds like Government

Service Insurance System (GSIS) and Social Security System (SSS),
unit
investment trust fund (UITF), investment banks, and credit unions,
among others
Role of financial Role of Financial Markets Role of Investors
Managersmanagers
Financial The financial markets investors provide the funds
make financing provide a that are to be used by
decisions that forum in which firms can financial managers to
require funding from issue securities to obtain finance corporate growth.
investors in the the funds that they need
financial markets. and in which investors can
purchase securities to
invest their funds