University Institute Of Computing

Bachelor of Computer Applications

Computer Graphics 20CAT-312

Introduction to Computer Graphics DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

and Its Applications

01/30/2024
 Computer Graphics
Topics
 CRT

01/30/2024
 Video Display Devices

 The primary output device in a graphical

system is the video monitor.

01/30/2024 Video Monitors [1]

Cathode-ray tubes (CRT)

Focusing
System
Y

d
e
f
l
e Phosphor
c
t
Base

Connector x deflect
Pins
Electron
Gun Control
grid 4
voltage Video Monitors [2]
 Phosphor Persistence

 Definition: The time from the initial light output to the moment when has
decayed to its 10%
 There are different kind of phosphors for use in a CRT. Besides color, a major
difference is their persistence – how long they continue to emit light after the
CRT beam is removed.
 A phosphor with low-persistence is useful in animation.
 A high-persistence phosphor is useful for displaying highly complex, static
pictures.
 Graphics monitors are usually constructed with a persistence in the range from 10
to 60 microseconds.
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 Resolution

The maximum number of points (pixels) that can be displayed without overlap on a
screen is referred to as the resolution, and determines the detail that can be seen in an
image.
A more precise definition is the number of points per centimeter that can be plotted
horizontally and vertically, although it is often simply stated as the total number of
points in each direction (i.e. 1280  1024).
The physical size of a graphics monitor, on the other hand, is given as the length (in
inches) of the screen diagonal
 Aspect Ratio
T he aspect ratio gives the ratio of vertical points to horizontal points necessary to
produce equal- length lines in both directions on the screen. So 4:3 (most
common) means that a vertical line plotted with 4 points has the same length as a
horizontal line plotted with 3 points.

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 The Frame Buffer

0 800
0
x

pixel at address (x,y) spot at (x,y)

600

y
Frame buffer Display surface 8

at (800,600)

Frame Buffer[1]
 Frame Buffers

A frame buffer may be thought of as computer memory organized as a two-

dimensional array with each (x,y) addressable location corresponding to one pixel.
Bit Planes or Bit Depth is the number of bits corresponding to each pixel.
A typical frame buffer resolution might be
– 640 x 480 x 8
– 1280 x 1024 x 8
– 1280 x 1024 x 24

Frame Buffer[1]
 Frame Buffers
The depth (or intensity) of the frame buffer, defined as the number of bits that
are used for each pixel, determines properties such as how many colors can be
represented on a given system .
1-bit-deep frame buffer allows 21 colors (black and white)
8-bit-deep frame buffer allows 28 (=256) colors 10

In full color systems (also called RGB-color systems), there are 24 (or more)
bits per pixel in order to display sufficient colors to represent most images
realistically.
 3-Bit ColorDisplay
3

red

green
blue

COLOR: black red green blue yellow cyan magenta white

R 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 11
G 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
B 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1

3-bit Color Display[1]

 Refresh-rate for films and TV

On films, below 24 frames per second, we can perceive a gap between

successive screen images.
–
Old silent films show flicker because they where photographed at a rate of 16
frames per second.
When sound systems were– developed in the 1920s, motion picture film
rates increased to 24 frames per second removing flickering.
Today TV refresh rate is 25 frames per second in Europe and 30 frames per
second in the USA.
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 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT):

• CRT stands for Cathode Ray Tube. CRT is a technology used in traditional
computer monitors and televisions. The image on CRT display is created by firing
electrons from the back of the tube of phosphorus located towards the front of the
screen.

• Once the electron heats the phosphorus, they light up, and they are projected on a
screen. The color you view on the screen is produced by a blend of red, blue and
green light.

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 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT):

01/30/2024 Cathode Ray Tube[2] 14

 Basic operations of a CRT

Steps
1. The electron gun emits a beam of electrons (cathode rays).
2. The electron beam passes through focusing and deflection systems
that direct it towards specified positions on the phosphor-coated
screen.
3. When the beam hits the screen, the phosphor emits a small spot
of light at each position contacted by the electron beam.
Because the light emitted by the phosphor fades very quickly some method is
needed for maintaining the screen picture.
1. Redraw the picture by quickly directing the electron beam back over
the same screen points.
Cathode Ray Tube[3]
 Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes

• A beam of electrons (cathode rays), emitted by an electron gun, passes through

focusing and deflection systems.
• Deflection systems direct the beam toward specified positions on the
phosphor-coated screen.
• The phosphor emits a small spot of light at each position contacted by the electron
beam.
• Phosphor fades rapidly so to maintain the picture on the screen, the display is
refreshed (refresh CRT) rapidly (refresh rate)

Cathode Ray Tube[4]

 Operation of an Electron Gun
• The primary components of an electron gun
– Heated metal cathode and control grid
• When a current goes through filament, cathode
surface is heated, electrons are “boiled off”.
• Then freed electrons are accelerated towards
phosphor coating.
• When the beam hits a phosphor dot it glows with
a brightness proportional to the strength of the
beam and how long it is hit

Cathode Ray Tube[5]

 Control Grid
• Controls the intensity of the electron beam.
– High negative voltage applied to control grid shuts off the beam.
– Smaller negative voltage decreases the number of electrons passing through.

•Number of electrons on the phosphor screen is proportional

to emitted light by the screen.
• Then, brightness of a point on the screen is controlled by
varying the voltage applied to control grid.

• Graphics software commands can be used to do this (will

see later)

Cathode Ray Tube[6]

 Focusing System
• Forces the electron beam to converge to a small cross section.
• Accomplished with either electric or magnetic fields.

•The electron beam is passed through a positively

charged metal cylinder

• So, electrons along the centerline of the cylinder

are in an equilibrium position (electrostatic lens)

Cathode Ray Tube[7]

 Deflection of Electron Beam
• Two pairs of magnetic- deflection coils
are mounted on the outside of the CRT
envelope.
• The magnetic field is produced by each
pair of coils.
• The field results in a transverse
deflection force that is perpendicular to
the direction of electron beam.
• The deflection of the beam is
proportional to the current through the
coils.

Cathode Ray Tube[8]

 References
1) https://www.slideshare.net/jerinmartin/display-devices-44886026
2) https://www.slideshare.net/jerinmartin/display-devices-44886026
3) https://www.javatpoint.com/computer-graphics-cathode-ray-tube
4) https://www.slideshare.net/jerinmartin/display-devices-44886026
5) https://www.slideshare.net/jerinmartin/display-devices-44886026
6) https://www.slideshare.net/jerinmartin/display-devices-44886026
7) https://www.slideshare.net/jerinmartin/display-devices-44886026
8) https://www.slideshare.net/jerinmartin/display-devices-44886026

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THANK YOU