Course code : MCH 2015

Course name : Introduction to

Thermal-Fluids

INSTRUCTOR: ASSIST. PROF. DR. HÜSEYİN GÜNHAN ÖZCAN

Week#02: October 14, 2022 1

 How can we Define Energy ?
• In physics, it refers to the ability to perform work [1], heating objects [2], applying force [3], etc.

• From the international relations point of view energy is a serious issue for security and nations [4]. The scale of its use is
associated with the quality of life.

• In daily life, it indicates the physical and mental effort required to complete a task [5].
Energy

• We may state that energy is a thermodynamic property.

Week#02: October 14, 2022 2

 What are the current definitions of energy ?
Renewable, nonrenewable, alternative, clean, net zero, green, sustainable, primary, secondary, efficient, enviromental
friendly, economic, etc.

• Renewable energy is easily replenishable from a source perspective, whereas nonrenewable energy is the exact opposite [6].

• Primary energy is energy that can be used to produce useful work, such as heat. If the contrary is true, the phenomenon is
Energy

considered secondary, such as electricity [6]. It comes from the transformation of primary energy.

• Alternative energy refers to energy sources other than fossil fuels. This includes all renewable sources and nuclear.
Nuclear is not classified as a renewable energy source. Nuclear is produced from mined elements like uranium and
thorium which cannot be replenished [7].

• Clean energy is energy from sources not requiring the release of pollutants [10].

• Green energy is derived from natural (green) sources like low-impact hydropower, water, bioenergy, geothermal, wind,
and solar [8].

Week#02: October 14, 2022 3

 What are the current definitions of energy ?
Renewable, nonrenewable, alternative, clean, net zero, green, sustainable, primary, secondary, efficient, enviromental
friendly, economic, etc.

• Net zero refers to the balance between the amount of greenhouse gas produced and the amount removed from the
atmosphere. We reach net zero when the amount we add is no more than the amount taken away. Net zero is important
as it’s the best way we can tackle climate change by reducing global warming [9].
Energy

Getting to net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, 8 actions are needed by 2030 [10].

Week#02: October 14, 2022 4

 What are the current definitions of energy ?
Renewable, nonrenewable, alternative, clean, net zero, green, sustainable, primary, secondary, efficient, enviromental
friendly, economic, etc.

• We can define sustainable energy as ‘’a dynamic harmony between the equitable availability of energy-intensive goods and
services to all people and the preservation of the earth for future generation’’ [13].

• Sustainable energy must be concerned not only with energy and environmental technologies, but also with the social,
Energy

economic and political factors [14].

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 Forms of Energy [11]
• Energy can exist in numerous forms such as thermal, mechanical, kinetic, potential, electric, magnetic,
chemical, and nuclear, and their sum constitutes the total energy, E of a system.
• Thermodynamics deals only with the change of the total energy.
• Macroscopic forms of energy: Those a system possesses as a whole with respect to some outside
reference frame, such as kinetic (motion relative to some reference frame) and potential (elevation
relative to the reference frame) energies.
Energy

• Microscopic forms of energy: Those related to the molecular structure of a system and the degree of
the molecular activity. 2
𝑚 𝑚
• Internal energy, U: The sum of all the microscopic forms of energy. 𝑘𝑔 · 2 = 𝑘𝑔· 2 · 𝑚= 𝑁 · 𝑚= 𝐽
𝑠 𝑠

Kinetic Potential
energy energy

Kinetic energy Potential energy

per unit mass per unit mass

Week#02: October 14, 2022 6

 Energy Flow Rate [11]
• Energy flow per unit time (it also shows the power)
Energy

𝑘𝑔 2 𝑚 𝑘𝑔
·𝑚 · =
𝑚
3
𝑠 𝑠

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 Internal Energy [11]
The sum of all the microscopic forms of energy.

Sensible energy: The portion of the internal energy

of a system associated with the kinetic energies of the
molecules.
Energy

Latent energy: The internal energy associated with

the phase of a system.
Chemical energy: The internal energy associated
with the atomic bonds in a molecule.
Nuclear energy: The tremendous amount of energy
associated with the strong bonds within the nucleus of
the atom itself.

The various forms of The internal energy of a

microscopic energies system is the sum of all
Thermal energy
that make up sensible forms of the microscopic
energy. energies.

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 Mechanical Energy [11]
The form of energy that can be converted to mechanical work completely and directly by an ideal mechanical device
such as an ideal turbine. The familiar forms of mechanical energy are kinetic and potential energies.

Mechanical energy of a
flowing fluid per unit mass
Energy

Mechanical energy of a
flowing fluid per unit time

Mechanical energy change of a

fluid during incompressible flow
per unit mass

Rate of mechanical energy

change of a fluid during
incompressible flow

Week#02: October 14, 2022 9

Energy Transfer Heat [11]

Heat: The form of energy that is transferred between two systems (or a system and its surroundings)
by virtue of a temperature difference.

During an adiabatic process, a system

exchanges no heat with its surroundings.

Week#02: October 14, 2022 10

 Work [11]
The energy transfer associated with a force acting through a distance.
• A rising piston, a rotating shaft, and an electric wire crossing the system boundaries are all
associated with work interactions.
Energy Transfer

• Formal sign convention: Heat transfer to a system and work done by a system are positive; heat
transfer from a system and work done on a system are negative.
• Alternative to sign convention is to use the subscripts in and out to indicate direction. This is
the primary approach in this course.

- +

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 Heat and Work [11]
• Both are recognized at the boundaries of a system as they cross the boundaries. That is, both heat
and work are boundary phenomena.
• Systems possess energy, but not heat or work.
Energy Transfer

• Both are associated with a process, not a state.

• Unlike properties, heat or work has no meaning at a state.
• Both are path functions (i.e., their magnitudes depend on the path followed during a process as
well as the end states).

Properties are point functions

have exact differentials (d).

Path functions have

inexact differentials ( ).

Week#02: October 14, 2022 12

 Types of Work [11]
1. Mechanical forms of work (shaft work, spring work, elastic work, etc.)
2. Nonmechanical forms of work (electrical work, magnetic work, electrical polarization work,
etc.)
Energy Transfer

There are two requirements for a work interaction between a system and its surroundings to exist:
there must be a force acting on the boundary, the boundary must move.

Week#02: October 14, 2022 13

 Shaft Work [11]
Mechanical forms of work (shaft work, spring work, elastic work, etc.)
There are two requirements for a work interaction between a system and its surroundings to exist:
there must be a force acting on the boundary, the boundary must move.
Energy Transfer

1. A force F acting through a moment arm r generates a

torque T.

For the shaft work

2. This force acts through a distance s.
3. Shaft work

4. Shaft work per unit time

Week#02: October 14, 2022 14

 Spring Work [11]
Mechanical forms of work (shaft work, spring work, elastic work, etc.)
There are two requirements for a work interaction between a system and its surroundings to
exist: there must be a force acting on the boundary, the boundary must move.
Energy Transfer

1. When the length of the spring changes by a differential

amount dx under the influence of a force F, the work done is

For the spring work

2. For linear elastic springs, the displacement x is proportional
to the force applied.

Spring
constant (kN/m)

3. Substituting and integrating yield in item (1)

initial and the final

Week#02: October 14, 2022 displacements 15

 Elastic Work [11]
Mechanical forms of work (shaft work, spring work, elastic work, etc.)
There are two requirements for a work interaction between a system and its surroundings to
exist: there must be a force acting on the boundary, the boundary must move.
Energy Transfer

1. Elastic bars behave as springs under the influence of force.

For the spring work

Week#02: October 14, 2022 16

 Nonmechanical Forms of Work [11]
Electrical work, magnetic work, electrical polarization work, etc.
Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an
electromagnetic field [7].
Energy Transfer

1. Elektrical work the quantity of electric charge (C)

2. Electrical power

For the electrical work

3. When potential difference and current change with time

The generalized force is the voltage 4. When potential difference and current remain constant
(the electrical potential).
The generalized displacement is the
electrical charge.

Week#02: October 14, 2022 17

 Nonmechanical Forms of Work [11]
Electrical work, magnetic work, electrical polarization work, etc.
Energy Transfer

Electrical work: The generalized force is the voltage (the electrical potential) and the generalized displacement is
the electrical charge.
Magnetic work: The generalized force is the magnetic field strength and the generalized displacement is the total
magnetic dipole moment.
Electrical polarization work: The generalized force is the electric field strength and the generalized displacement
is the polarization of the medium.

Week#02: October 14, 2022 18

 The First Law of Thermodynamics [11]
• The first law of thermodynamics (the conservation of energy principle) provides a sound basis for studying the relationships
General Energy Analysis

among the various forms of energy and energy interactions.

• The first law states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed during a process; it can only change forms.

Week#02: October 14, 2022 19

General Energy Analysis The First Law of Thermodynamics [11]

Week#02: October 14, 2022 20

 The First Law of Thermodynamics [11]
Energy balance equations
General Energy Analysis

Open system
Close system
For unit mass
For unit time
Changes with a time
For a cycle

Week#02: October 14, 2022 21

 Example #01
Water is being heated in a closed pan on top of a range while being stirred by a
General Energy Analysis

paddle wheel. During the process, 30 kJ of heat is transferred to the water, and 5 kJ
of heat is lost to the surrounding air. The paddle-wheel work amounts to 500 N∙m.
Determine the final energy of the system if its initial energy is 10 kJ?

Solution #01

Week#02: October 14, 2022 22

 Example #02
As shown in the figure, 5 kg of steam contained within a piston–cylinder assembly
General Energy Analysis

undergoes an expansion from state 1 to state 2, where the specific internal energies are
u1=2709.9 kJ/kg and where u2=2659.6 kJ/kg, respectively. During the process, there is heat
transfer to the steam with a magnitude of 80 kJ. Also, a paddle wheel transfers energy to the
steam by work in the amount of 18.5 kJ. There is no significant change in the kinetic or
potential energy of the steam. Determine the energy transfer by work from the steam to the
piston during the process, in kJ.
Solution #02

𝑄𝑖𝑛 +𝑊 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑊 𝑜𝑢𝑡 =𝑈 2 −𝑈 1=𝑚 ∗(𝑢 ¿ ¿ 2− 𝑢1) ¿

)

Week#02: October 14, 2022 23

 Effi ciency Definitions in Energy Conversion [11]
General Energy Analysis

It indicates how well an energy conversion or transfer process is accomplished.

Efficiency for the water heater : Energy delivered to the house by hot water / Energy supplied to the water heater
Efficiency for the combustion : Amount of heat released during combustion / Heating value of the fuel burned
Efficiency for the generator : Electrical power output/mechanical power input
Efficiency for lighting : Amount of light output in lumens/ electricity consumed
Efficiency of the cooking appliance: Useful energy transferred to the food/energy consumed by the appliance

Week#02: October 14, 2022 24

 Effi ciency Definitions for Mechanical and Electrical Devices [11]
• Motor efficiency
General Energy Analysis

• Generator efficiency

• Pump-motor overall efficiency

• Turbine-generator overall efficiency

Week#02: October 14, 2022 25

 Example #03
Water is pumped from a lake to a storage tank 20 m above at a rate of 70 L/s
General Energy Analysis

while consuming 20.4 kW of electric power. Disregarding any frictional losses

in the pipes and any changes in kinetic energy, determine (a) the overall
efficiency of the pump–motor unit and (b) the pressure difference between the
inlet and the exit of the pump.
Solution #03
3
(a) 1000 𝑘𝑔 70 𝐿 0.001𝑚
˙
𝑚=𝜌 ∗ 𝑉˙ = ∗ ∗ =70 𝑘𝑔/ 𝑠
𝑚
3
𝑠 1𝐿

∆ ˙𝐸 𝑚𝑒𝑐h , 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑=𝑚
˙ ∗ ( 𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑐h , 𝑜𝑢𝑡 −𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑐h , 𝑖𝑛 ) =𝑚
˙ ∗𝑝𝑒2=
𝑠
∗
(
70 𝑘𝑔 9.81𝑚
𝑠
2 )
∗ 20 𝑚=13.7 𝑘𝑊
13.7 𝑘𝑊
𝜂 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 − 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =0.6715
20.4 𝑘𝑊

(b) *

Week#02: October 14, 2022 26

 Example #04
Water is pumped from a lower reservoir to a higher reservoir by a pump that
General Energy Analysis

provides 20 kW of shaft power. The free surface of the upper reservoir is 45 m

higher than that of the lower reservoir. If the flow rate of water is measured to
be 0.03 m3/s, determine mechanical power that is converted to thermal energy
during this process due to frictional effects.
Solution #04

Week#02: October 14, 2022 27

 References
[1] https://www.britannica.com/science/energy
General Energy Analysis

[2] https://sciencenotes.org/energy-definition-examples/
[3] https://study.com/learn/lesson/types-of-energy.html
[4] https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/361271
[5] https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/energy
[6] https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/what-is-energy/
[7]
https://studentenergy.org/source/alternative-energy/#:~:text=Alternative%20Energy%20refers%20to%20energy,1%20within%20
a%20human's%20lifetime
.
[8] https://www.trccompanies.com/insights/a-conversation-about-clean-energy/
[9] https://www.nationalgrid.com/stories/energy-explained/what-is-net-zero
[10] https://gettingtozeroforum.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Net-Zero-version-Final-01.png
[11] Fundamentals of Thermal Fluid Sciences, Fourth Edition in SI Units, Yunus A. Çengel, John M. Cimbala, Robert H. Turner,
McGraw-Hill, 2012

Week#02: October 14, 2022 28