Transport of molecules across cell

membrane
SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE: Controls what comes in and out of the
cell. Does not let large, charged or polar things through without
help.
 1- Selective permeability ‫النفاذية اإلختيارية‬
)

 Is one of the most important functions of cell

membrane (Plasma membrane)
 A steady traffic ‫ العبور المنتطم‬of small molecules
and ions move across the plasma membrane in
both directions.
 For example, sugars, amino acids, and other nutrients
enter a muscle cell and metabolic waste products leave
it.
 The cell absorbs O2 and expels CO2.
 It
also regulates concentrations of inorganic ions, like
Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Cl-, by passing them across the
membrane.
 Selective permeability ‫)النفاذية اإلختيارية‬

 However, substances do not move across the

membrane barrier indiscriminately ‫عشوائيا‬.

 Hydrophobic molecules, like hydrocarbons, CO2,

and O2, can dissolve in the lipid bilayer and
cross easily.

 Ions and polar molecules, like water, glucose

and sugars pass through with difficulty.

 Proteins can assist and regulate ‫ يساعد و ينظم‬the

transport of ions and polar molecules.
 *** Transport
Active Passive
Large Small Facilitated
molecules Osmosis Diffusion
Molecules/ions diffusion
(Membrane) (T. protein) (T. protein) (Membrane) (Membrane)

Exocytosis Endocytosis

Pinocytosis Receptor-mediated
Phagocytosis endocytosis
Cellular eating Cellular drinking Selective eating
Using
Using specific
specific
receptors
receptors (coated
(coated
vesicles)
vesicles) thatthat bind
bind to
to
specific
specific legends
legends and and
engulf
engulf it.
it. It is specific
It is specific
 1- Passive transport
 Passive transport
is a kind of transport by which ions or
molecules move along a concentration
gradiant , ( means movement from an area
of higher concentration to an area
of lower concentration)
 A- Simple Diffusion

 Simple Diffusion: ‫اإلنتشار‬

is movement ( spread ) of molecules
1) randomly
2) from areas of high concentration to areas
of low concentration
3) Requires no energy
For example, in case of presence of a permeable membrane
separating a solution containing dye molecules from pure
water, the dye molecules will cross the membrane randomly.
The dye will cross the membrane until both solutions have
equal concentrations of the dye (dynamic equilibrium ‫التعادل‬
‫) الديناميكى‬.
 B-Osmosis ‫األسموزية‬

Osmosis:

is a passive transport in
which water diffuses across
a selectively permeable
membrane from the
hypotonic solution to the
hypertonic solution until the
solutions become isotonic
 Osmosis
• Hypertonic solution: ‫عالى التركيز‬
contains high concentration of solute ‫ُم ذاب‬
molecules.
• Hypotonic solution: ‫منخفض التركيز‬
contains low concentration of solute molecules.
• Isotonic solution: ‫متعادل‬
contains equal concentrations of solute molecules
Biological
Membrane

H 2O

Hypertonic Hypotonic
 Osmoregulation‫التوازن االسموزي‬

 A cell in a hypotonic
solution will gain
water, swell, and
burst.
 The cell in a
hypertonic
environment will
loose water, shrivel
‫تنكمش‬, and die.
 Osmoregulation‫التوازن االسموزي‬
 Organisms without rigid walls have
osmotic problems in either a
hypertonic or hypotonic
environment and must have
adaptations for osmoregulation to
maintain their internal
environment.
 Example, Paramecium have a
specialized organelle ( the
contractile vacuole), that functions
as a pump to force ‫ يطرد‬water out of
the cell.
 C-Facilitated diffusion
 Another form of passive transport
 Many molecules and ions diffuse passively
through the lipid bilayer with the help of
transport proteins
 The passive movement of molecules down its
concentration gradient via a transport protein is
called facilitated diffusion
 Used for molecules that are too large to cross
the membrane by diffusion (i.e. glucose)
 Facilitated Diffusion

 Carrier proteins bind

to larger molecules,
and change their
shape so molecules
can diffuse through.

 Channel proteins
provide water filled
pores for charged ions
to pass through
 2- Active Transport
 Molecules move against the concentration
gradient (low to high)
 Energy must be provided via ATP (even when we
are resting, 40% of our energy is spent on active
transport!)
 Active Transport
 Uses specialized transport proteins and
protein pumps
 Why spend so much energy on active
transport?
Maintains internal cell environments (i.e. cell’s
electrical gradient, roots pull in minerals from
soil, filtering blood in your kidneys)
A- small molecules
Sodium potassium pump
 The sodium-potassium pump maintains the transport of
sodium (Na+) and potassium ions (K+) across the
membrane.
 The animal cell has higher concentrations of K + and lower
concentrations of Na+ inside the cell.
 The sodium-potassium pump (T. protein) uses the energy of one
ATP to pump 3 Na+ ions out and 2 K+ ions in.
1ATP T. protein
Low conc. High conc.
+ 2 +
of K of K
High conc. Low conc.
3 +
of Na
+ of Na
 ***

Two roles of
membrane protein

Both diffusion and facilitated diffusion are forms of passive transport of molecules down
their concentration gradient, while active transport requires an investment of energy to
move molecules against their concentration gradient.
B)- Large molecules (macromolecules) ***

 Large molecules, such

as polysaccharides and
proteins, cross the
membrane by vesicles
‫الحويصالت‬
 This occurs by
Exocytosis and
Endocytosis
 ***
Exocytosis ‫اإلخراج الخلوى‬:
 a transport vesicle
budded from ‫ ينشأ من‬the
Golgi apparatus is moved
by the cytoskeleton to the
plasma membrane.
 When the two
membranes come in
contact ‫تالمس‬, the bilayers
fuse ‫ يندمج‬and spill ‫ ُيفرع‬the
contents to the outside.

Endocytosis ‫اإلدخال الخلوى‬, the cell brings in
macromolecules and particulate matter by
forming new vesicles from the plasma
membrane and include the following types:

1. Phagocytosis (solids)
2. Pinocytosis (liquids)
3. Receptor mediated
A)- Phagocytosis ‫ اإلبتالع الخلوى‬:

Called “cellular eating”.
The cell engulfs a particle by extending pseudopodia ‫أقدام‬
‫ كاذبة‬around it and packaging it in a large vacuole.

 The contents of the vacuole are digested when the

vacuole fuses with a lysosome.
Phagocytosis
B)- Pinocytosis, ‫الشرب الخلوى‬
“cellular drinking”,
 a cell creates a vesicle around droplets of
extracellular fluid ‫السائل الموجود خارج الخلية‬.
 This is a non-specific process ‫عملية غير متخصصة‬.
C)- Receptor-mediated endocytosis: ‫اإلدخال الخلوى عن طريق المستقبالت المتخصصة‬


It Is called (Selective eating)
 It is highly specific in substances are being transported.
 It is triggered ‫ تُـستَـحث‬when extracellular substances bind to special
receptors, on the membrane surface. This triggers the formation of a
vesicle
 It enables a cell to take large quantities of specific materials that may
be in low concentrations in the environment.
 Clips
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=STLAJH7
_zkY
diffusion of food coloring

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HIGEmTl
NAT4
artistic
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSS3EtK
AzYc
egg cell osmosis
 http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/tdc02_
int_membraneweb/