SMPS TT 2022

CHAPTER 2
DC-DC CONVERTERS
SWITCHED-MODE POWER SUPPLY
CHAPTER 2
Dc-dc converters are power electronic circuits that convert a dc voltage to

a different dc voltage level, often providing a regulated output.
The circuits described in this chapter are classified as switched-mode dc-

dc converters, also called switching power supplies or switchers.
This chapter describes some basic dc-dc converter circuits.

BUCK CONVERTER
Switch :
BJT,
MOSFET,
IGBT, ..
This circuit is called a buck converter or a step-down converter because

the output voltage is less than the input.
The diode provides a path for the inductor current when the switch is
opened and is reverse-biased when the switch is closed.
BUCK CONVERTER
Applications: Power supply
(SMPS)
http://www.dimensionengineering.com/DE-SW0XX.htm
BUCK CONVERTER
Applications:
DC/DC Converters
in PV systems
https://www.fairchildsemi.com/applications/industrial-energy-
conversion/solar-inverter/micro-converter-system/
BUCK CONVERTER
Properties of Buck converters when operating in steady state:

1.iL is periodic with period T
2.VL_AVG = 0 : The average inductor voltage is zero
3.IC_AVG= 0 : The average capacitor current is zero
4.Pout = Pin: The power supplied by the source is the same as
the power delivered to the load.
BUCK CONVERTER
Analysis of the Buck Converter
Assume :
1.Steady state operation
2.iL is continuous
3.C is large, V0 is constant
4.Switching period T, Turn-on time : DT, Turn-off time : (1-D)T
BUCK CONVERTER – CONTINUOUS MODE
1. Analysis for the Switch Closed
diL
vL  Vs  V0  L
dt
diL Vs  V0

dt L
 Vs  V0 
iL (ON )    DT
 L 
Equivalent Circuit
Voltage and current equations
2. Analysis for the Switch Open
diL
vL  V0  L
dt
diL  V0

dt L
 V0
iL (OFF )   1  D T
Equivalent Schema L
Buck converter voltage

and current waveforms
Source: Daniel Hart

The variation of iL in the on-state and off-state is equal

 Relationship between Vout and Vin
iL (ON )  iL (OFF )  0

Vs  V0 V0
 DT   1  D T  0
L L
 V0  Vs  D
Calculation of iL : iL V0 1 V0 

I max  IL     1  D T 
2 R 2L 
 1 1  D 
 V0   
R 2 Lf 
iL V0 1 V0 
I min  I L     1  D T 
2 R 2L 
 1 1  D 
 V0   
R 2 Lf 
Define the value Lmin to ensure the continuation of iL

iLmin = 0
Lmin 
1  D R
2f
Voltage ripple vC when the capacitance C is limited

iC  iL  iR
Q  CV0
Q  C V0
Q
V0 
C
1  T   iL  T  iL
Q     
2  2  2  8
V0 1 D

V0 8 LC  f 2
Ex. : DC-DC Buck converter has : Vs= 50V; D=0.4; L= 400H;

C=100 F; f=20kHz; R=20. Suppose all devices are ideal.
Define:
1. Output voltage V0 and load power Po
2. Ilmax and ILmin. The condition for value L to ensure the continuous
current through the coil
3. Voltage ripple of capacitor V0/V0
4. Current waveform of L and C
5. Voltage and current waveforms of Mosfet and Diode
Ex. 2:
Design Buck converter with specifications:
Vo = 18V, Load R = 10.
Vi=48V. Voltage ripple  5%. iL : continuous. Determine:
1. Duty cycle D
2. L value, suppose L  1.25 Lmin
3. C value
BOOST CONVERTER
BOOST CONVERTER – CONTINUOUS MODE
Applications :
- Hybrid Electric Vehicle– reduction of battery quantity
- LED (3.3V) supplies from 1.5V battery
- Renewable energy
BOOST CONVERTER
BOOST CONVERTER
Assume :
2.iL is continuous
1.Analysis for the Switch Closed
diL
vL  Vs  L
dt
diL Vs

dt L
Vs DT
iL (ON ) 
L
Equivalent circuit
2. Analysis for the Switch Open
diL
vL  Vs  V0  L
dt
diL Vs  V0

dt L
iL (OFF ) 
Vs  V0 1  D T
L
Equivalent circuit
Voltage and current waveforms

Relationship between Vout and Vin ?

iL ( ON )  iL ( OFF )  0

Vs DT Vs  V 0
  1  D T  0
L L
Vs
 V0 
1 D
Calculate the average current IL ?

Calculation for IL ?
2
V
Pin  Po ; Po  o
R
Pin  Vs I s  Vs I L
2
 Vs 
2  
Vo  1  D  Vs2
Vs I L   
R R 1  D  R
2
Vs
 IL 
1  D  R
2
Condition for L when iL is continuous : ILmin  0

 Lmin = ???
Condition for L when iL is continuous : ILmin = 0


D1  D  R
2
Lmin 
2f
Calculate the output voltage ripple :

V0/V0 = ??

V0/V0 = ??
Q  C  V0
V0
Q  I 0 DT  DT
R
V0 D

V0 RCf
Ex. 1 :
Design a boost converter
Vout = 30V. Vin= 12V. iL is continuous. Voltage ripple 1%. Load
R = 50.
fsw = 25kHz.
Ex. 1 :
Design a boost converter
Vout = 30V. Vin= 12V. iL is continuous. Voltage ripple 1%. Load
R = 50.
fsw = 25kHz.
Solution :
D = 0.6
Lmin = 96uH => L = 120uH
C > 48uF
Ex. 2: Boost converter

Vin = 50V, Vout = 75V. L= 250H, R=25.
Calculate:
1. fsw, suppose iL is continuous
2. Iin_AVG, Iout_AVG
3. Sketch iL. Determine iLmax, iLmin
4. iC_RMS
Solution:
1. 6.6kHz
2. 45A, 30A
3. Imax=50A, Imin=40A
4. 21.3A
BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER
Buck- Boost Converter
The output voltage can be controlled higher or lower than the

input voltage
Assume :
2.iL is continuous
5.Ideal power devices
Analysis for the Switch Closed
diL
vL  Vs  L
dt
diL Vs

dt L
Vs DT
iL (ON ) 
L
Circuit State – Equivalent Circuit
Analysis for the Switch Open
diL
vL  V0  L
dt
diL V0

dt L
V0 1  D T
iL (OFF ) 
L

iL (ON )  iL (OFF )  0

Vs DT V0 1  D T
 0
L L
D
 V0    Vs
1 D



Vo2
Pin  Po ; Po 
R
Pin  Vs I s  Vs I L D
Vo2
Vs I L D 
R
2
Vo Vs D
 IL  
RVs D R1  D 2

 Lmin = ???
 Lmin 
1  D
2
R
2f
V0/V0 = ??

V0/V0 = ??
Q  C  V0
V0
Q  I 0 DT  DT
R
V0 D

V0 RCf
Ex. 1 : Buck- Boost converter parameters:

Vi= 24V ; D = 0.4, R = 5 Ohm, L = 100uH, C = 400uF, f = 20kHz
Solution :
1. -16V
2. IL = 5.33 A; ILmax = 7.73A; ILmin = 2.93A
3. 1%
Ex. 1 : Buck- Boost converter parameters:

Vi= 24V ; D = 0.4, R = 5 Ohm, L = 100uH, C = 400uF, f = 20kHz
Define :
1. Output voltage Vo
2. Sketch iL. Verify the continuity of iL
3. Voltage ripple
4. Sketch voltage and current waveforms of S and D
Ex. 2:
Design a buck-boost converter
Pout = 75W. Vout= 50V, Vin= 40V. iL is continuous. Voltage ripple
1%.
Ex. 3:
Design a buck-boost converter that has a source that varies from 10
to 14 V. The output is regulated at 12 V. The load varies from 10 to
15 W. The output voltage ripple must be less than 1 percent for any
operating condition. Determine the range of the duty ratio of the
switch. Specify values of the inductor and capacitor, and explain how
you made your design decisions.
Simulation study:
C’UK CONVERTER
Principle Diagram of C’uk converter

C’UK CONVERTER
Characteristics:
-The output voltage can be controlled higher or lower
than the input voltage
-Reverse polarity of the output voltage
C’UK CONVERTER
Assume :
2.iL1&2 is continuous
3.C1&2 is large, VC1&2 is constant
4.Switching period T, Turn-on time : DT, Turn-off time :
(1-D)T
5.Ideal power devices
VC1  Vs  V0
C’UK CONVERTER
When S is in On-state
iC1(ON )   I L 2

C’UK CONVERTER
When S is in Off-state
iC1(OFF )  I L1

C’UK CONVERTER

C’UK CONVERTER
 V0 I L2  Vs I L1
Having IC1 = 0, we deduce:
iC1(ON ) DT  iC1(OFF ) 1  D T  0
  I L2 DT  I L1 1  D T  0
I L1 D
 
I L2 1 D
C’UK CONVERTER
 we deduce :
V0  D 
  
Vs 1 D 
C’UK CONVERTER
Voltage ripple of C2 is similar to Buck converter
V0 1 D

V0 8 L2C2  f 2
C’UK CONVERTER
Voltage ripple of C1 (when S – off)
T
1
VC1 
C1 I
DT
L1 dt
C’UK CONVERTER
Current ripple of L (when S –ON)
diL1
vL1  Vs  L1
dt
 iL1
diL2
vL2  Vs  L2
dt
 iL2
C’UK CONVERTER
Ex.:
Design C’uk converter: Vout = -18V. Vin=12V. IL /IL 10%,
Vout/Vout  1%, VC1 /VC1 5%. PLoad = 40W. Chosen: fsw =50kHz.
C’UK CONVERTER
Solution :
D = 0.6
L2  649uH ; L1  432uH
Co  3.08uF ; C  17.8uF
ISOLATED SMPS
FLYBACK CONVERTER
Principal Diagram of Flyback Converter

FLYBACK CONVERTER
Assume :
- C is large => V0 is constant
- Steady state operation
- Switching period T, Turn-on time : DT, Turn-off time : (1-D)T
- Ideal power devices
FLYBACK CONVERTER
Operation principle :
- S conducts : energy stored in Lm
- S is in the off-state : energy transferred to the load
FLYBACK CONVERTER
When S conducts
diLm
v1  Vs  Lm
dt
diLm iLm iLm Vs
  
dt t DT Lm
Voltage and current equations :
so :  N2   N2 
v2  v1    Vs  
Vs DT  N1   N1 
iLm ( ON ) 
Lm  N2 
vD  V0  Vs    0
 N1 
i2  0
i1  0
FLYBACK CONVERTER
when S is OFF => D conducts

v2  V0
N1 N
v1  v2  V0 1
N2 N2
diLm N1
Lm  v1  V0
dt N2
diLm iLm iLmV0 N1
  
dt t (1  D)T Lm N 2
so :  V0 1  D T N1
iLm ( OFF )  
Lm N2
FLYBACK CONVERTER
S is in the off-state
Voltage and current equations:
N  N 
iD  i1  1   iLm  1 
 N2   N2 
 N1 
vSw  Vs  v1  Vs  V0  
 N2 
V0
iR 
R
 N1  V0
iC  iD  iR  iLm   
 N2  R
FLYBACK CONVERTER
Relationship between Vout and Vin
The current ripple throught Lm = 0:
iLm (ON )  iLm (OFF )  0

D N2
 V0  Vs
1  D N1
FLYBACK CONVERTER
Basic Voltage and current waveforms:

FLYBACK CONVERTER
Analysis of iLm : Calculate the average current ILm
Ps  Po
V02
Vs I s 
R
I Lm DT
Is   I Lm D
T
V02
 Vs I Lm D 
R
V02
 I Lm 
Vs DR
FLYBACK CONVERTER
Analysis of iLm :
Condition for Lm when iLm is continuous :
1  D  R  N1 
2 2
Lm min  N 
2f  2
FLYBACK CONVERTER
Ex. : Given a flyback converter Vs = 24V

N1/N2 = 3
Lm = 500H
R = 5
C = 200F
f = 40kHz
V0 = 5V
Define :
1. Current values iLm : max, min
2. Sketch iC and analyze the capacitor voltage ripple
3. Sketch voltage and current waveforms of S and D
FLYBACK CONVERTER
Ex. : Flyback converter design Vs = 24V

Vo = 32V
I_Lm_min = 20%
I_Lm
R = 20
Vo/Vo <= 1%
Define : N1/N2; Lm; fsw; D; C

FORWARD CONVERTER
Principal diagram of Forward converter

FORWARD CONVERTER
Description:
The transformer has 3 windings :
- Winding 1 & 2 transfert energy to
load when S conducts
- Winding 3 creates a loop for
magnetizing current when S is in the
off state and decays this current
before ending of period => avoid the
transformer’s saturation
FORWARD CONVERTER
When the S closed:

-Establish equations of v1, v2, v3, vLx, vD3 ?
- Derive iLx ?
- Derive iLm ?
FORWARD CONVERTER
When the S closed:

The voltage across transformer
winding 1, resulting in:
v1  VS
 N2   N2 
v2  v1    Vs  
N
 1 N
 1 The voltage across D3 is showing
 N3   N3  that D3 is off.
v3  v1    Vs  
N
 1 N
 1 vD3  VS  v3  0
A positive v2 forward biases D1

and reverse biases D2
FORWARD CONVERTER
When the S closed:

Examine the current in inductor Lx:
 N2  diLx
vLx  v2  Vo  Vs    Vo  Lx
 N1  dt
 N2 
Vs    Vo
diLx  N1  iLx iLx The voltage across the
   magnetizing inductance Lm is also
dt Lx t DT
Vs, resulting in:
  N2   DT
 i 
Lx  Vs    Vo  Vs DT
  N1   Lx iLm 
closed
Lm
The current in the switch:
iSw  i1  iLm
FORWARD CONVERTER
when S is in the off state:

-Define equations of v3, v1, v2, vLx ?
- Derive iLx ?
- Derive relationship btw Vo and Vs ?
- Derive iLm ?
FORWARD CONVERTER
when S is off :
v3  Vs
 N1   N1 
v1  v3    Vs  
N
 3 N
 3
 N2   N2 
v2  v3    Vs  
N
 3 N
 3
diLx
vLx  Vo  Lx
With D1 is off and positive current in dt
Lx, D2 must be on, the voltage across diLx Vo iLx
  
Lx is: dt Lx 1  D T
Vo 1  D  T
  iLx open 
Lx
FORWARD CONVERTER
when S is off :
The relationship btw Vo and Vs:
 iLx closed   iLx open  0

 N2 
 Vo  Vs D  
N
 1
FORWARD CONVERTER
when S is off :
The voltage across Lm is v1:
 N1  diLm
vLm  v1  Vs    Lm
 N3  dt
diLm Vs  N1 
  
dt Lm  N 3 
The current in Lm should return to zero before the start of the next period to
reset the transformer core.
iLm Vs  N1 
  
t Lm  N 3 
FORWARD CONVERTER
when S is off :
For iLm return to zero after the
switch is opened, the decrease in
current must equal the increase in
current. Letting Tx be the time for
iLm to decrease from the peak back
to zero.
iLm Vs DT Vs  N1 
   
t Lm Tx Lm  N 3 
 N3  The time at which the current reaches
 Tx  DT  
N
 1 zero, t0, is:
 N3   N3 
t0  DT  Tx  DT  DT    DT  1  
 N1   N1 
FORWARD CONVERTER
when S is off :
The output voltage ripple:
Vo 1 D

Vo 8 Lx Cf 2
FORWARD CONVERTER
Voltage and current

waveforms:
FORWARD CONVERTER
Ex. : Given a FORWARD converter

Vs = 48V
N1/N2 = 1.5; N1/N3=1
Lx = 0.4mH; Lm=5mH
R = 10
C = 100F
f = 35kHz
Define : D = 0.4
1. Vout, iLx_max, min
2. Output Voltage ripple
3. Waveforms i1, i2, i3, iLm, iLx, iC
4. Sketch voltage and current waveforms of S and Diodes
FORWARD CONVERTER
Ex. : Given a FORWARD converter

Vs = 48V
N1/N2 = 1.5; N1/N3=1
Lx = 0.4mH; Lm=5mH
R = 10
C = 100F
f = 35kHz
Solutions : D = 0.4
1. Vout=12.8V, iLx_max=1.56A, min=1.01A
2. Output Voltage ripple
3. Waveforms i1, i2, i3, iLm, iLx, iC
4. Sketch voltage and current waveforms of S and Diodes
PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
Principal Diagram of Push-pull Converter

PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
Control pulse diagram

PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
when Sw1 conducts

v p1  Vs
 Ns 
vs1  Vs  
N 
 p
 Ns 
vs 2  Vs  
N 
 p
v p 2  Vs
vSw 2  2Vs
PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
when Sw1 conducts D1 conducts, D2 is OFF

 Ns 
v x  vs 2  Vs  
N 
 p
 Ns 
vLx  v x  V0  Vs    V0
N 
 p
 Ns 
Vs    V0
N 
 
 iLx ON   p 
Lx
 DT
PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
when Sw2 conducts

v p 2  Vs
v p1  Vs
 Ns 
vs1  Vs  
N 
 p
 Ns 
vs 2  Vs  
N 
 p
vSw1  2Vs
PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
when Sw2 conducts D2 conducts, D1 is OFF
 Ns 
v x  vS 2  Vs  
N 
 p
 Ns 
vLx  v x  V0  Vs    V0
N 
 p
 Ns 
Vs    V0
N 
 
 iLx ON
  p 
Lx
 DT
PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
when Sw1. Sw2 are in the off-state : the primary currents = 0
iLx is continuous => D1, D2 conduct
vx  0
vLx  v x  V0  V0
iLx iLx V0
  
t T Lx
 DT
2
 V0  1 
iLx OFF      D T
 
 Lx  2 
PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
Relationship between Vout and Vs
iLx is continuous
iLx ON   iLx OFF   0

 N  
 Vs  s   V0 
  N p    V0  1 
  DT     D T  0
 Lx   Lx  2 
 
 
 Ns 
 V0  2Vs  D
N 
 p
PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
Voltage ripple
Similar to Buck converter
V0 1  2D

V0 32 Lx Cf 2
PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
Ex. :
Vs=50V; Define :
Np/Ns=2; 1.Vout
Lx=300µH; 2.ILx min, max
C= 200uF; 3.Voltage ripple of capacitor
R=8Ω; 4.iLx, D1, D2, Sw1, Sw2
f = 30kHz;
D=0.35
FULL-BRIDGE CONVERTER
Principal Diagram
Gating pulses
Relationship btw Vout and Vs?

Gating pulses
 Ns 
V0  2Vs  D
N 
 p
HALF-BRIDGE CONVERTER
Principal Diagram Gating pulses
Relationship btw Vout and Vs?

HALF-BRIDGE CONVERTER
Principal Diagram Gating pulses
 Ns 
V0  Vs  D
N 
 p
MULTI-OUTPUT DC/DC CONVERTER
Flyback converter with 2 ouputs

MULTI-OUTPUT DC/DC CONVERTER
Forward converter with 2 ouputs

DC/DC CONVERTER
Diagram of control system

DC/DC CONVERTER
Diagram of control system

DC/DC CONVERTER - TOOLS
PowerEsim Demo Video Part One

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n78NVh1irzA
PowerEsim Demo Video Part Two
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5k5rNYOLnXI
Simulation using PLECS

SMPS TT 2022

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SMPS TT 2022

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CHAPTER 2

Dc-dc converters are power electronic circuits that convert a dc voltage to

The circuits described in this chapter are classified as switched-mode dc-

This chapter describes some basic dc-dc converter circuits.

This circuit is called a buck converter or a step-down converter because

Properties of Buck converters when operating in steady state:

1. Analysis for the Switch Closed

2. Analysis for the Switch Open

Buck converter voltage

Source: Daniel Hart

The variation of iL in the on-state and off-state is equal

iL (ON )  iL (OFF )  0

Calculation of iL : iL V0 1 V0 

Define the value Lmin to ensure the continuation of iL

Voltage ripple vC when the capacitance C is limited

Ex. : DC-DC Buck converter has : Vs= 50V; D=0.4; L= 400H;

1.Analysis for the Switch Closed

2. Analysis for the Switch Open

Voltage and current waveforms

Relationship between Vout and Vin ?

Relationship between Vout and Vin ?

iL ( ON )  iL ( OFF )  0

Calculate the average current IL ?

Condition for L when iL is continuous : ILmin  0

Condition for L when iL is continuous : ILmin = 0

Calculate the output voltage ripple :

Calculate the output voltage ripple :

Ex. 2: Boost converter

Buck- Boost Converter

The output voltage can be controlled higher or lower than the

Analysis for the Switch Closed

Analysis for the Switch Open

Relationship between Vout and Vin ?

Relationship between Vout and Vin ?

iL (ON )  iL (OFF )  0

Voltage and current waveforms

Voltage and current waveforms

Calculate the average current IL ?

Calculate the average current IL ?

Condition for L when iL is continuous : ILmin  0

Condition for L when iL is continuous : ILmin  0

Calculate the output voltage ripple :

Calculate the output voltage ripple :

Ex. 1 : Buck- Boost converter parameters:

Ex. 1 : Buck- Boost converter parameters:

Principle Diagram of C’uk converter

Voltage and current equations

Circuit State – Equivalent Circuit

Voltage and current equations

Circuit State – Equivalent Circuit

Relationship between Vout and Vin ?

Relationship between Vout and Vin ?

Having IC1 = 0, we deduce:

Voltage ripple of C2 is similar to Buck converter

Voltage ripple of C1 (when S – off)

Current ripple of L (when S –ON)

Principal Diagram of Flyback Converter

when S is OFF => D conducts

Voltage and current equations:

Relationship between Vout and Vin

The current ripple throught Lm = 0:

iLm (ON )  iLm (OFF )  0

Basic Voltage and current waveforms: