LINEAR TEXT

AND
NON-LINEAR TEXT
 What are Linear texts?
Linear text refers to written or printed text that is presented in a
sequential and chronological order, with one idea or piece of
information following another in a straight line. It is the most
common form of text that we encounter in books, newspapers,
magazines, and most digital documents.
Linear text is a common format found in various written documents
and publications. Here are some examples of linear text:

NOVELS LETTERS
NEWSPAPERS POEMS
MAGAZINES SHORT STORIES

TEXTBOOKS RESEARCH PAPERS

 What are non-linear
texts?
Nonlinear text is the opposite of linear text. As what its name
suggests, it is nonlinear and non-sequential. The readers do
not have to go through the text in a sequential manner to make
sense of the text. This type of text has many reading paths.
VISUAL-VERBAL
RELATIONSHIPS
Expository texts are designed to explain, inform, and present facts of
specific topics. These texts can be accompanied by visual cues to provide or
further highlight information.
Examples of these visual elements include graphs, tables, maps,
illustrations, and the like. Their primary function is to improve
comprehension of a reading material. However, understanding graphic
elements like those cited above is an important aspect of comprehending
texts that some tend to skip.
The concept of visual-verbal symbiosis is rooted in the idea that "visuals"
support "verbals," and vice versa. Dwyer (1988) found a symbiotic
relationship between verbal and visual literacies when the two are
combined to facilitate student achievement.
 What are THE EXAMPLES OF VISUAL-
VERBALS?
3. Graphs- These are diagrams showing the relation between variable quantities,
typically of two variables, each measured along a pair of axes at right angles.
 What are THE EXAMPLES OF VISUAL-
VERBALS?
3. Graphs- These are diagrams showing the relation between variable quantities,
typically of two variables, each measured along a pair of axes at right angles.
What are THE EXAMPLES OF VISUAL-
VERBALS?
What are THE EXAMPLES OF VISUAL-
VERBALS?
What are THE EXAMPLES OF VISUAL-
VERBALS?
What are THE EXAMPLES OF VISUAL-
VERBALS?
 Activity 2:.
Study the chart below. Then, in your notebook, answer the questions
that follow
Processing Questions:
. What information does Chart 1 present?
 How many sections is Chart 1 divided
into?
 What percentage represents the incoming
SPJ 9 Martin Luther King Jr. students?
 What grade level has the most number of
enrollees?
 What grade level has the least number of
enrollees?
OPINION MARKING SIGNALS
Distinguishing fact and opinion is a significant skill in order to become critical and analytical
in dealing with information and avoid being wrongfully influenced and manipulated. Knowing
when and how to distinguish one from the other gives you a head start to becoming a good
speaker or writer.

Opinion-marking signals play important roles in signifying that statements are opinion-based.
Expressions like I believe, in my opinion and as I see it are examples of opinion-markers.

Aside from improving reading and listening comprehension, learning opinion-markers also improves the
way you express your own thoughts. It is a relevant conversational skill that you should learn as a
second language learner.
Examine this scenario:

You went to a movie that your friend had suggested you to watch. This was the
same movie she had enjoyed watching with her family. Afterwards, she asked you if
you liked it, too. You simply responded with “so-so”.

Do you think it would spark a meaningful conversation between the two of you?
Knowing how to agree or disagree with someone else’s opinion is just as valuable as
being able to express your own.

Here are some commonly used
opinion-markers which you may use
when expressing your opinion and
stating agreement or disagreement
to someone else’s ideas.
Stating Your Own Opinion
 It seems to be that…
 In my opinion…
 I take the view that…
 My personal view is that…
 In my experience...
 A s f a r a s I u n d e r s t a n d / s e e / can…
 If I am not mistaken…
 Personally, I think…
 I am not certain/sure, but…
 It is claimed that…
 I believe one can say…
 Stating Your Own Opinion

• It seems to be that the new policy has generated positive feedback from the
majority of employees.“
•In my opinion, the movie we watched last night was one of the best I've seen in a
long time.
• I take the view that implementing environmentally sustainable practices is crucial
for the long-term well-being of our planet.
•My personal view is that fostering open communication within a team is essential
for building a strong and collaborative work environment.
 Stating Your Own Opinion

• As far as I understand, the project deadline has been extended by a week.

• Personally, I think taking regular breaks during work hours can enhance overall
productivity and well-being.
• I am not certain whether the meeting will be rescheduled due to the unforeseen
circumstances.
•I believe one can say that technological advancements have significantly influenced
the way we communicate and connect with others in the modern era.

Here are some commonly used
opinion-markers which you may use
when expressing your opinion and
stating agreement or disagreement
to someone else’s ideas.
Stating Agreement
•I completely/really/totally/absolutely/honestly/
truly agree with you on that.
• I really think/believe so, too.
• I couldn’t agree more.
• I have come to the same conclusion.
• I hold the same opinion.
• I have no objection.
• I see it that way, too.
• You have a point there.
• You have made a good point.
• We are one mind on…
 Stating Agreement

• I completely agree with the decision to implement stricter environmental

regulations for the benefit of our planet.
• I really think that incorporating mindfulness practices into our daily routine can
contribute to a healthier and more balanced lifestyle.
•I couldn't agree more with the decision to invest in renewable energy sources to
address environmental concerns.
• I hold the same opinion regarding the importance of promoting diversity and
inclusion in the workplace for fostering innovation and collaboration.
 Stating Agreement

• I have no objection to extending the deadline to provide team members with

sufficient time to complete the project thoroughly.
• I see it that way, too, and believe that implementing flexible work hours could
enhance employee satisfaction and productivity.
•You have made a good point in highlighting the need for better communication
within the team to avoid misunderstandings.
• We are one mind on the decision to allocate additional resources to the research
project for more comprehensive results.

Here are some commonly used
opinion-markers which you may use
when expressing your opinion and
stating agreement or disagreement
to someone else’s ideas.
Stating Disagreement
• I’m m afraid…
• I’m sorry...
• You may be right, but…
• That might be true, but…
• I beg to differ.
• I don’t agree with you on that.
• I don’t share your view.
• I think otherwise.
• I take a different view.
• I am not sure I agree with you.
• That’s not always the case
 Stating Disagreement

• You may be right, but I still believe there are alternative solutions that could better
address the current challenges we're facing.
• That might be true, but I think considering a broader range of perspectives could
lead to a more well-rounded decision.
•I appreciate your perspective, but I beg to differ on the most effective strategy to
address the current market challenges.
• I respect your opinion, but I don't agree with you on that particular approach to
solving the problem.
 Stating Disagreement

• I don't share your view on the proposed changes to the company's policies; I believe
they could have unintended consequences..
• The proposed solution seems reasonable, but after analyzing the data, I think
otherwise about its effectiveness in the long run.
•I appreciate your perspective, but I take a different view on the best course of
action in this situation.
• While your point has merit, it's important to consider that the situation is complex,
and that's not always the case..
Viewing Genres
One of the basic known types of viewing
materials is a video. Videos are moving
visual images, which may be spontaneous
or craftily planned, are recorded,
reproduced, or broadcasted.
Viewing genres, therefore, are the
classifications of materials that can be
electronically viewed according to form,
content, and style of delivery.
 Movie
Trailers

short clips of movies or any short videos

used in advertising or promoting them in
advance
Documentaries
movies or television programs that provide factual
record of report on various issues
News Flash
A single item of
important news that is
separately broadcasted
and often interrupts
programs.
 Internet-
Based
Programs
online learning videos, programs
and activities which can be
assessed through the Internet
 Weather Report
a subprogram within a program that tells and foretells
weather forecast
Humans are naturally visually-oriented beings. It
is not surprising that materials mentioned above
can have greater impact to us compared to other
printed materials. Since these could be very
diverse in terms of content, there is a tendency
for the same topic to be presented in different
perspectives, styles, or deliveries across genres.
Elements in evaluating
viewing materials
1. Point of View (POV)
This is the perspective of a narrative. Who is telling the story
or delivering the message? It could be any of the following:
A. First person point of view is used when the main character
is telling the story. It uses the "I" narrator.
B. Second person point of view is generally used in
instructional writing. It uses the "you" perspective.
C. Third person point of view is used when your narrator is
not a character in the story. This category uses the "he/she/it"
narrator. It is the most commonly used POV .
2. Length
The duration of a viewing material usually
varies depending on its purpose and form. A
movie clip, which usually runs in an average
of almost two minutes, is relatively shorter
than a full episode of an instructional video
in YouTube which could run up to an hour.
3. Language

Whether the language used is

conversational, formal, informal, or
animated, it has a relevant impact as to
how viewers will process information
being presented in a viewing material.
4. Mood
This is the element that evokes certain feelings or
vibes through sounds, music, color, and even
voice. It is referred to as the atmosphere as it
creates an emotional setting surrounding the
audience.
COMPARING AND
CONTRASTING OPINIONS
In writing and speaking, formulating
opinions could be challenging.
Evaluating the validity and credibility of
evidences in an argumentation alone
asks for a lot of skills. However, as
mentioned at the beginning of this
lesson, learning how other writers and
speakers construct their arguments can
help you in developing your own style to
convince your audience that you have
sound ideas.
Learning how to compare and contrast others’ ideas can help you to be
critical and reflective on the kind of information you will feed yourself.
However, primarily, you should learn to evaluate someone’s claims first.

One way to evaluate others’ opinions is by identifying the persuasive

strategies used by the writer or speaker.
Persuasive Techniques
Ethos, pathos, and logos are three elements of persuasion identified by
Aristotle, a famous philosopher.
By appealing to these three elements, a speaker or writer will increase his
or her chances of persuading an audience
LOGOS
When you evaluate an appeal to logos, you consider an argument based
on facts, evidence and reason. Using logos means appealing to the
readers’ sense of what is logical.
 ETHOS
When you evaluate an appeal to ethos, you examine how successfully the writer or speaker appeals
to the audience’s sense of ethical behavior. The writer or speaker presents himself or herself to the
audience as credible, trustworthy, honest and ethical.
ETHOS
Some of the questions you can ask yourself as you evaluate an author’s
ethos may include the following:

• Has the writer or speaker cited his/her sources or in some way made it
possible for the audience to access further information on the issue?
• Does he/she demonstrate familiarity with different opinions and
perspectives?
• Does he/she provide complete and accurate information on the issue?
PATHOS

Lastly, pathos is making an appeal to emotions. Making people feel that they have a
connection with the topic at hand evokes certain emotions, beliefs and values.
Grammatical Markers in
Comparing and Contrasting
The following words or short phrases are used to compare two items or
ideas:

like likewise
as well as also
both resemble
same as similar to
Here is a short paragraph that uses some of these expressions:

Time, like money, is a limited resource. You cannot buy everything you
want, likewise, you do not have enough time to do everything you want to
do. Our time is the same as our money. It is limited. Also, time is a
resource when work needs to be done.
The following words or short phrases are used to contrast two items or
ideas:

unlike in contrast to on the other hand

as opposed to different from however
whereas on the contrary although
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE
MESSAGES
Writers have their own unique style in expressing their messages. Their choice of words mainly
creates the atmosphere, mood, and emotions depending on the occasion.

For instance, for fictional texts, authors carefully weave words in order to give shape to the story
and provide the voice for characters. It is what creates the personality of the selection.
 For non-fictional texts, on the other hand, a writer chooses words that would express
his/her attitude toward a subject. It tells the reader how they should read the text —
funny, serious, angry, friendly, etc.

In both cases, the audience perceives the message as negative or positive depending
on the tone and word choice.
T O N E
Tone refers to the emotion or attitude that the writer embeds in writing. It gives more context
beyond the words used. These create the concept of a message as to being positive or negative.

Writers use tone words to establish a message. These are words that make the author’s
opinion on the subject matter known. They make the tone either positive or negative.
Positive Tone Words
benevolent, sympathetic,
tolerant, generous,
caring, well-meaning ,
candid, truthful,
straightforward, honest,
unreserved, celebratory,
praising, glorify, honor,
diplomatic, tactful,
sensitive, thoughtful,
formal, respectful, factual,
joyful, positive, optimistic
Negative Tone Words
aggressive , hostile ,
force full , argumentative,
aggrieved, indignant,
annoyed, offended,
disgruntled, angry,
enraged, threatening,
menacing, apathetic,
indifferent, unemotional,
arrogant, disdainful,
overbearing,
condescending, vain,
scoffing
Likewise, emotions, which can rise and fall as to how
specific words can be synonymous, indicate a variety on
levels of responses. It is necessary to recognize the
differences when selecting appropriate synonyms.
 Economical vs. Cheap Positive: Alessandra performs a survey before buying any p r o d u c t. S h e i s
economical.
Negative: Alessandra performs a survey before buying any product. She is cheap.

Challenge vs. Difficult Positive: Doing the indicated tasks in the module is really a challenge. Negative: Doing
the indicated tasks in the module is really difficult.

Conversationalist vs. Positive: Listening to him fascinates me. He is an excellent conversationalist.

Chatty Negative: Listening to him irritates me. He is indeed chatty.

Unique vs. Weird Positive: Anthony loves to experiment. His hobby is indeed unique.
Negative: Anthony loves to experiment. He is really weird.

Curious vs. Nosy Positive: My cousin always asks questions. He is curious of everything.
Negative: My cousin always asks questions. He is a nosy child.

Generous vs. Extravagant Positive: You were too generous with your gifts to the foundation.
Negative: Your gift to the foundation was too extravagant.