Learning - Unit XI

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Unit #11
Learning
Sahar Soomro
Assistant Professor
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Objectives:
At the end of this unit the learners will able to:

1. Define learning.
2. Define and describe classical conditioning.
3. Define and describe operant conditioning.
4. Demonstrate an understanding of application of conditioning in daily life.

LEARNING
Relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to observation, practice, or experience.

TYPES OF LEARNING
There are two types of learning:

 Classic conditioning
 Operant conditioning
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Ivan Pavlov
 1849-1936
 Russian physician/ neurophysiologist
 Nobel Prize in 1904
 Studied digestive secretions

PAVLOV’S CLASSIC
EXPERIMENT
Before Conditioning
UCS (food
in mouth)
Neutral
UCR stimulus No
(salivation) (tone) salivation
During Conditioning After Conditioning

UCS (food
in mouth)
Neutral CS
stimulus UCR (tone)
(tone) (salivation) CR (salivation)
OPERANT CONDITIONING
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
 Developed behavioral technology

and conducted experiment on operant
conditioning.

WHEN THE FIRST KID STARTS CRYING BECAUSE OF THE PAIN OF THE
NEEDLE PIERCING THROUGH HIS/HER BODY, ALL KIDS DOWN THE
LINE START TO CRY AND EVENTUALLY, EVERY KID ON THE LINE IS
CRYING EVEN BEFORE THEY SEE THE NEEDLE.
THIS IS A PERFECT EXAMPLE OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, WHERE
CRYING IS THE BEHAVIOR LEARNED VIA CLASSICAL CONDITIONING.
IF A STUDENT IS BULLIED AT SCHOOL, THEY MAY START HATING THE SCHOOL
AND RESPOND WITH FEAR AT THE VERY THOUGHT OF SCHOOL.
STUDENTS MIGHT ALSO DISLIKE PARTICULAR SUBJECTS IF THEY HAVE BEEN
HUMILIATED OR PUNISHED BY THE PARTICULAR TEACHER OF THE SUBJECT.
THIS BEHAVIOR MIGHT EVEN CONTINUE THROUGHOUT THE ACADEMIC CAREER
OF THE STUDENT.
A TEACHER CAN CREATE POSITIVE CLASSROOM
ENVIRONMENT TO HELP STUDENTS OVERCOME
ANXIETY OR FEAR.
SUPPOSE, IN AN OFFICE YOU REGULARLY EAT LUNCH AT 12PM.
IN THE OFFICE, YOU HAVE A COLLEAGUE WHO IMMEDIATELY ALERTS EVERYONE
ABOUT THE LUNCH TIME. EVENTUALLY, YOU MIGHT NOT EVEN CHECK THE TIME
WHEN YOUR COLLEAGUE REMINDS YOU THAT IT’S LUNCH TIME. EVEN IF IT’S JUST 11
AM, YOU MIGHT FEEL THAT IT’S ALREADY LUNCH TIME. THIS IS BECAUSE YOUR
RESPONSE TO HUNGER HAS BEEN CONDITIONED WITH THE SOUND OF YOUR
COLLEAGUE’S VOICE.
 Burnard, P. Preferred teaching and learning strategies. Nursing Times. 1991;87:52.
 Biehler, R., Snowman, J. Psychology Applied to Teaching. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston; 1982.
 Child, D. Psychology and the Teacher. Cassell Educational Ltd, London; 1986.
 Coutts, L., Cohen, L. Effects and Results of Different Teaching Methods. Nursing Times. 1983;30:32–36 (November).
 Cranston, C.M., McCort, B. A learner analysis experiment: cognitive style versus learning style in undergraduate education. J.
Nursing Educ. 1985;24:136–138.PubMed
 Dux, C.M. An investigation into whether nurse teachers take into account the individual learning styles of their students when
formulating teaching strategies. Nurse Educ. Today. 1989;9:186–191.Abstract.
 Gariety, J. Learning styles: basis for creative teaching and learning. Nurse Educator. 1985;10:12–16.Crossref.

THANK YOU
Sahar Soomro
Sahar.soomro@duhs.edu.pk
Phone # (NA)


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DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

At the end of this unit the learners will able to:

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-

There are two types of learning:

 Russian physician/ neurophysiologist

 Nobel Prize in 1904

 Studied digestive secretions

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-

During Conditioning After Conditioning

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

 Developed behavioral technology

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-

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