Non Mendelian Genetics

WEEKS 4 - 5
QQ
UU
AA
RR Non-Mendelian
TT
EE
RR
Genetics
11
SCIENCE 9 Living Things and Their Environment

Lesson: Inheritance and Variations of Traits
MELC 3: Explain the different patterns of Non-Mendelian Inheritance
Lesson Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, learners will be able to:
 describe the location of genes in the chromosomes

QQ  explain the different patterns of non-Mendelian Inheritance
 solve genetic problems involving the different patterns of inheritance
UU  express the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring formed by the different
AA crosses solved
RR
TT
EE
RR
11
WEEKS 4 - 5
quick review:
1. Humans have _____ chromosomes.

a. 26 b. 36 c. 46 d. 56
QQ 2. Known as the father of Heredity.

UU a. Charles Darwin c. Isaac Newton
AA b. Gregor Mendel d. None of them
RR
TT 3. A square diagram used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross.
EE a. Punnet square c. Square root
RR b. Punnet rectangle d. None of the choices
11
WEEKS 4 - 5
quick review:
4. An alternative form of a gene.

a. zygote b. allele c. chromosome d. gene
QQ 5. A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living
UU cells carrying the genetic information in the form of genes.
AA a. chromatid c. allele
RR b. chromosomes d. genes
TT
EE
RR
11
WEEKS 4 - 5
Overview
In your previous grade level, you have learned that in sexual
reproduction, two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of
the parents’ characteristics. You also learned that each species of living organisms
has a characteristic number of chromosomes.
QQ Somatic Cells
UU = 46 chromosomes
(make up all the internal
(diploid)
AA organs, skin, bones, blood and
connective tissue)
RR
TT
EE Gametes = 23 chromosomes
RR (an organism's reproductive (haploid)
cells)
11
NOTE: The process of meiosis maintains the chromosome number of a
particular species from one generation to the next.
WEEKS 4 - 5
Overview
 Genetics- the study of biological inheritance patterns and variations of organisms.
 Allele- an alternate form of a gene for a particular trait found on the same location
on two different chromosomes (e.g. color trait)
QQ  Dominant trait- trait being expressed in an organism. It is represented by a capital

UU letter (e.g. P- purple)
AA
RR  Recessive trait- trait that is masked by a dominant trait. It is represented by a
lowercase letter (e.g. p- white)
TT
EE  Genotype- the genetic make up of an organism (e.g. PP, Pp, pp)
RR
 Phenotype- refers to the physical traits of an organism based on its genotype (e.g.
11 purple and white flowers)
WEEKS 4 - 5
Overview
 Homozygous- refers to the same alleles for the same trait (e.g. PP, pp)
 Heterozygous- refers to two different alleles for the same trait (e.g. Pp)
 Punnett square- a diagram used to show the results of crossing two organisms
 Pedigree Chart- a diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance of phenotypes of
a particular gene or organism from one generation to the next
QQ
UU
AA  Monohybrid cross- a  Dihybrid cross- a
RR cross involving a cross involving a
TT single trait with two two traits at the
EE alleles. same time.
RR
11
WEEKS 4 - 5
Overview
MITOSIS
AND
MEIOSIS
QQ
UU
AA
RR
TT
EE
RR
11
WEEKS 4 - 5
Overview
MITOSIS
AND
MEIOSIS
QQ
UU
AA
RR
TT
EE
RR
11
WEEKS 4 - 5
Overview
QQ
UU
AA
RR
TT
EE
RR
11
Males have two non-identical chromosomes (X and Y)
Females have two identical chromosomes (X and X)
WEEKS 4 - 5
The Structure of the Chromosome
QQ
UU
AA
RR
TT
EE
RR
11
WEEKS 4 - 5
The Structure of the Chromosome
QQ
UU
AA
RR
TT
EE
RR
11
Chromosomes carry all the information that makes up an organism.
WEEKS 4 - 5
Location of Chromosome
QQ
UU
AA
RR
TT
EE
RR
11 Chromosomes are located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells.
Each chromosome is made of protein and a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA)
WEEKS 4 - 5
Difference between GENE and DNA
QQ
UU
AA
RR
TT
EE
RR
11
WEEKS 4 - 5
Lesson: Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
Gregor Johann Mendel
Mendel worked with varieties of

pea plants to establish the
principles and laws that will
explain the patterns of trait
QQ inheritance among organisms.
UU
AA
RR
TT
EE Mendel’s work serves as the foundation of the modern principles of genetics, which earned
RR him a title “Father of Heredity”. Mendel’s patterns of inheritance were further explored by modern
geneticists because there were results/ outcomes of experimentations that cannot be explain by the laws
11 of Mendel alone.
WEEKS 4 - 5
Mendelian Genetics
b b (Parent 1)
Mendel theorized that genes can
(Parent 2) be made up of three possible pairings of
B Bb Bb F1 Generation heredity units, which he called ‘factors’.
Example: BB, Bb, and bb. The big ‘B’
Result of the cross:
QQ represents the dominant factor (trait that is
visibly expressed in an organism) and the
100 % Heterozygous
UU Bb Bb Bb little ‘b’ represents the recessive factor (trait
AA (dominant) that is being masked and does not show itself
in an organism).
RR B
B b
TT
EE F2 Generation
In Mendel’s crosses, the starting
BB Bb
RR B Result of the cross:
plants were homozygous BB and bb, the F1
generation were Bb, and the F2 generation
were BB, Bb, or bb. The interaction between
11 50 %
Homozygous BB these two determines the physical trait that is
BB Bb 50 % Heterozygous visible to us.
Bb
B WEEKS 4 - 5
Mendelian Genetics
Result of the cross:

QQ = 25 % Homozygous BB (dominant)
UU
AA
RR = 50 % Heterozygous Bb (dominant)
TT
EE
RR = 25 % Homozygous bb (recessive)
11
WEEKS 4 - 5
Mendelian Genetics
QQ
UU
AA A A
RR Result of the cross between
TT homozygous AA and aa: a
Aa Aa
EE GENOTYPE:
RR = 100% Aa
(heterozygous)
11 PHENOTYPE: Aa Aa
= 100% RED
(dominant trait)
a WEEKS 4 - 5
Mendelian Genetics
QQ
UU
AA A A
homozygous AA and
TT heterozygous aa: A
AA AA
EE GENOTYPE:
RR = 50% AA (homozygous)
= 50% Aa (heterozygous)
11 PHENOTYPE:
Aa Aa
= 100% RED
(dominant color)
a WEEKS 4 - 5
Mendelian Genetics
QQ
UU
AA a a
TT homozygous aa and aa: a
aa aa
EE GENOTYPE:
RR = 100% aa (homozygous)
11 PHENTOTYPE: aa aa
= 100% yellow
(recessive trait)
a WEEKS 4 - 5
Mendel’s Law of Dominance

- states that when mating occurs between two organisms of different traits, each offspring
exhibits the trait of one parent only. If the dominant factor is present in an individual, the dominant trait
will result. The recessive trait will only result if both factors are recessive.
QQ
UU
AA A A A A a a
RR
TT a A AA a
Aa Aa AA aa aa
EE
RR
11 Aa Aa Aa Aa aa aa
Genotype: 100% Aa Genotype: 50% AA; 50% Aa Genotype: 100% aa
Phenotype: 100 % Red Phenotype: 100 % Red Phenotype: 100 % yellow
WEEKS 4 - 5
Direction: Find the cross between two homozygous

Red (RR) and White (WW) Flowers
Result of the cross between

R R Red (RR) and White (WW) Flowers:
QQ GENOTYPES:
UU W =?
AA
RR
TT PHENOTYPES:
EE W =?
RR
11
WEEKS 4 - 5
Direction: Find the cross between two homozygous Red (RR) and White (WW) Flowers
Result of the cross between

R R Red (RR) and White (WW) Flowers:
GENOTYPES:
QQ = 100 % RW
UU W
AA RW RW PHENOTYPES:
RR = 100 % PINK Flowers
TT
EE W
RR These are called F1 generation, an
11 RW RW initial cross between two genetically
distinct organisms.
WEEKS 4 - 5
Introduction to Non-Mendelian Genetics

Non-Mendelian inheritance is a type of inheritance wherein the patterns of phenotypes
does not coincide with those that was presented in the Mendelian Laws of inheritance. It also describes
the inheritance of traits linked to a single gene in the chromosomes.
Terms to Remember:
QQ Incomplete dominance -pattern of heredity in which one allele is not completely dominant
over another
UU
AA Codominance -pattern of heredity in which both alleles are simultaneously
expressed in the heterozygote
RR Multiple alleles -a gene that is controlled by more than two alleles
TT
Pleiotropy -when one gene affects multiple characteristics
EE
Lethal allele -allele that results in the death of an individual
RR
Polygenic trait -traits that are controlled by multiple genes
11 Phenotype -the observable traits of an organism
Genotype -refers to the genetic makeup of an organism
WEEKS 4 - 5
A. Principle of Incomplete Dominance

-pattern of inheritance where one allele is not completely dominant over the other allele
resulting in the blending of characteristics of an intermediate phenotype possessed by two
parents.
CASE 1: A cross between a homozygous RR
(Red) and rr (white) flowers:
QQ
UU Result of the cross between homozygous
RR (Red) and rr (white) flowers:
AA
RR
TT Genotype:
= 100% Rr
EE
RR Phenotype:
= 100 % Pink flowers
11
WEEKS 4 - 5
Examples of Incomplete Dominance

This pattern of inheritance can be observed among Four O’ Clock Flower plants.
PROBLEM 1: Find the cross between a

homozygous RR (Red) and WW (white):
QQ
UU Result of the cross between homozygous
RR (Red) and WW(white):
AA
RR
TT Genotype:
= 100% RW
EE
RR Phenotype:
= 100 % Pink flowers
11
NOTE: F1 offspring are all pink-
colored flowers, a heterozygous
characteristic (RW)
WEEKS 4 - 5
Examples of Incomplete Dominance

This pattern of inheritance can be observe among Four O’ Clock Flower plants.
PROBLEM 2: If F1 offspring (RW) were

allowed to self-fertilize, what are the possible
genotypes and phenotypes of F2 generation?
QQ What are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios?
UU
R W Result of self-fertilization of F1
AA generation:
RR
Genotypes: Phenotype:
TT = 25% RR = 25% Red flower
R
EE = 50% RW = 50% Pink flower
RR W = 25% WW = 25% White flower
11 Genotypic ratio: Phenotypic ratio:

= = 1Red:2Pink:1White
1RR:2RW:1WW
WEEKS 4 - 5
Other Examples of Incomplete Dominance
Snapdragons
QQ
UU
AA
RR
TT
EE
RR
11
WEEKS 4 - 5
B. Principle of Codominance
-pattern of inheritance where the heterozygous characteristics are both fully expressed in the
F1 offspring.
CASE 2: A cross between a Red Coat and a

White Coat in Cattle
Result of the cross between homozygous

QQ RR (Red) and WW (white) cows:
UU
AA R R
Genotype:
RR = 100% RW
TT
EE W
R R
Phenotype:
= 100 % ROAN COAT-COLORED COW
RR W W
W
11 These are called F1 generation, an initial
cross between two genetically distinct
R R organisms.
W W
WEEKS 4 - 5
Example of Principle of Codominance

-pattern of inheritance where the heterozygous characteristics are both fully expressed in the
F1 offspring.
PROBLEM 3: Find the cross between a

homozygous Red and White Camellia
Result of the cross between homozygous

QQ RR (Red) and WW (White) camellias:
UU R R
AA Genotype:
RR = 100% RW
TT
EE W
R R
Phenotype:
= 100 % Red and White Camellia
RR W W
W
11
RW RW
WEEKS 4 - 5
Other Examples of Codominance
QQ
UU
AA
RR
TT
EE
RR
11
WEEKS 4 - 5
C. Principle of Multiple Alleles

-pattern of inheritance controlled by three or more alleles. This can be observed in the human blood
groups.
Human Blood Groups  Table on the left shows that alleles for A
(I) and B (I are dominant over the O ( i )
allele.
QQ Genotypes Phenotypes  “I” means isoagglutinogen, another term
UU I I (homozygous dominant) or
for anti
 Persons with blood type O carry the
AA Type A homozygous alleles for O (ii). This means
I i (heterozygous dominant)
RR I I (homozygous dominant) or
that they lack the A and B alleles in their
blood.
TT Type B  A person heterozygous for blood type
EE I i (heterozygous dominant) AB carries the alleles for A and B since
both alleles are expressed, these alleles are
RR I I (heterozygous dominant) Type AB
codominant with each other.
 A person’s blood type can be done
11 through a simple test (blood test).
i i (homozygous recessive) Type O
WEEKS 4 - 5
Examples of Multiple Alleles

A. ABO Blood Relationships
Genotypes Phenotypes Antigen Antibodies

(Type of Carbohydrates) (Plasma of the blood)
QQ
I I or I i Type A Antigen A Anti - b
UU
AA I I or I i Type B Antigen B Anti - a
RR
TT II Type AB Antigen A and B none
EE ii Type O none Anti a and b

RR
Antigen (Ag)- a substance that may trigger an immune response. Example: Vaccines
11 Antibody (Ab)- also known as immunoglobulin (Ig), a Y-shaped protein used by the immune
system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses
WEEKS 4 - 5

A. ABO Blood Group System
In 1990, Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian scientist at the University of Vienna discovered four different
blood groups: A, B, AB and O, which in most cases, the specific combination of these four
components determines an individual’s blood type.
QQ
UU
AA
RR
TT
EE
RR
11
WEEKS 4 - 5

B. The Rh System or “D” Factor
The Rh factor or Antigen D is the second most significant blood-group system in humans after the
ABO Blood Group System. This is also responsible in provoking the body’s immune system.
QQ
UU
AA
RR
TT
EE
RR
11
WEEKS 4 - 5
Blood Transfusion
The Rh factor or Antigen D is the second most significant blood-group system in humans after the
ABO Blood Group System. This is also responsible in provoking the body’s immune system.
QQ
UU
AA
RR
TT
EE
RR
11
WEEKS 4 - 5
What happens when Agglutination occurs?

The agglutinated or clumped blood clogs blood vessels and stops circulation of the blood to various parts of the
body.
QQ
UU
AA
RR
TT
EE
RR
11
WEEKS 4 - 5

-pattern of inheritance controlled by three or more alleles. This can be observed in the human blood
groups.
ABO Blood Relationships
Genotypes Phenotypes Can donate blood to Can receive blood from

QQ
I I or I i Type A A, AB A, O
UU
AA I I or I i Type B B, AB B, O
RR
TT I II i Type AB AB A, B, AB, O
EE ii Type O A, B, AB, O O
RR
*Blood type AB can receive blood from all other blood types, hence called the universal recipient
11
*Blood type O can donate blood to all blood groups, hence called universal donor, but can
ONLY receive blood from type O alone.
WEEKS 4 - 5
The ABO and Rh Systems

The ABO and Rh Systems are the most important basis used for blood transfusion. Not all blood groups are
compatible with each other. Mixing incompatible blood groups leads to blood clumping or agglutination, which is
dangerous for individuals.
QQ
UU
AA
RR
TT
EE
RR
11
WEEKS 4 - 5
Other Example of Multiple Alleles

Trait controlled by multiple genes is coat color in rabbits.
QQ
UU
AA
RR
TT
EE
RR
11
WEEKS 4 - 5
D. Sex-Linked Traits
- Traits that are controlled by the genes found in the sex chromosomes (both X and Y).
- Sex-linked traits are recessive.
- In most cases, the recessive gene or allele was inherited from one or both of the parents.
- Affect mostly male offspring.
 Hemophilia
QQ
UU - is a recessive genetic disorder. The abnormal
gene responsible for this condition is carried on
AA the X-chromosome wherein the blood does not
RR clot. This is caused by the lack of genes that
synthesize the protein that is needed to initiate
TT blood clotting process. Hemophiliacs bleed
EE excessively, if not medically controlled can cause
death.
RR
11
WEEKS 4 - 5
Example of Sex-Linked Traits

 Hemophilia
CASE 4: Find the probability of having bleeders (hemophiliacs) between a married normal carrier female
and a normal male. What are the possible phenotypes and genotypes of the offsprings?
QQ Genotypes: Phenotypes:
UU = 25% XX = 25% normal female(carrier)

X Y
AA = 25% XX = 25% normal female
RR X XX XY = 25% XY = 25% male bleeder
TT (hemophiliac)
EE X XX XY = 25% XY = 25% normal male
RR
11 CONCLUSION: The probability of having bleeders (hemophiliacs) between a married carrier female and
a normal male is 25%.
WEEKS 4 - 5

 Hemophilia
CASE 5: Find the probability of having bleeders (hemophiliacs) between a married male hemophiliac and a
normal female. What are the possible phenotypes and genotypes of the offsprings?
UU = 50% XX = 50% normal female(carrier)

X Y
AA
RR X XX XY
TT = 50% XY = 50% normal male
EE X XX XY
RR
11 CONCLUSION: The probability of having bleeders (hemophiliacs) between a married
hemophiliac male and a normal female is less likely. On the other hand, the cross also shows
that if their offspring are females, 2 daughters are normal although carrier of the trait.
WEEKS 4 - 5

 Hemophilia
CASE 6: Find the probability of having bleeders (hemophiliacs) between a married male hemophiliac and a
female carrier. What are the possible phenotypes and genotypes of the offsprings?
UU = 25% XX = 25% hemophiliac female

X Y
AA = 25% XX = 25% normal female(carrier)
RR X XX XY = 25% XY = 25% male bleeder
TT (hemophiliac)
EE X XX XY = 25% XY = 25% male normal
RR
11 CONCLUSION: The probability of having bleeders (hemophiliacs) between a married male
hemophiliac and a normal female carrier is 50% (1 male and 1 female). The cross also shows
having 1 normal female although carrier (25%) and 1 normal male (25%).
WEEKS 4 - 5

 Colorblindness
- a condition wherein the individual is unable to

distinguish among some or all colors. For them,
some colors appear as shades of gray. It results
QQ from several common recessive disorders
UU associated with the X chromosome.
Simulation of the normal perception of red
AA Red–green color blindness is the most and green apples
RR common form, followed by blue–yellow color
TT blindness and total color blindness.
EE
RR
11
Simulation of a dichromatic perception of red
and green apples
WEEKS 4 - 5

 Colorblindness
With the use of Ishihara Color Test Plate on

the right and with properly configured
computer displays, people with normal vision
QQ should see the number "74". Viewers with red-
UU green color blindness will read it as "21", and
those with total color blindness may not see
AA any numbers.
RR
TT
EE
RR
11
Ishihara Color Test Plate
WEEKS 4 - 5

 Implication of having Colorblindness
 There is no cure for color blindness.

 Diagnosis may allow a person's teacher to change the teaching method to accommodate the
condition.
QQ  Special lenses such as X-chrome lenses may help people with red–green color blindness in bright
UU light.
 In certain countries, color blindness may make people ineligible for certain jobs such as those of
AA aircraft pilots, train drivers, crane operators, and people in the armed forces.
RR  The effect of color blindness on artistic ability is controversial. The ability to draw appears to be
TT unchanged, and a number of famous artists are believed to have been color blind.
EE
RR
11
WEEKS 4 - 5

 Colorblindness
There are two alleles for eye vision, the dominant normal eye vision (N) and the recessive colorblind vision
(n). Both alleles are found in the X-chromosome.
Genetic Table for Colorblindness

QQ Table A: Female Eye Vision Table A: Male Eye Vision
UU Phenotype Genotype Phenotype Genotype
AA
RR Normal Vision Normal Vision
TT Normal Vision Colorblind
EE (carrier)
RR
Colorblind
11
WEEKS 4 - 5

 Colorblindness
Using the Pedigree method, solve the following genetic problem.
QQ
UU
AA
RR
TT
EE
RR
11
WEEKS 4 - 5

 Hypertrichosis
Sex-linked trait is also carried by genes in the males’ Y chromosome. Such trait associated in the Y-
chromosomes are called holandric traits. One typical example of holandric trait is Hypertrichosis, which
refers to a condition characterized by an atypical growth of too much hair. It may be localized, i.e. the hair
growth over a certain body part.
QQ
UU
AA
RR
TT
EE
RR
11
WEEKS 4 - 5

 Webbed Toes and Porcupine Man
QQ
UU
AA
RR
TT
EE Webbed toes condition is Porcupine man is a condition when the skin thickens and
RR characterized by having web-like gradually becomes darker, scaly, rough, and with bristle-like
connection between second and third outgrowths. Since Y-linked inheritance involves the Y
11 toes. chromosome, Y-linked inheritance is passed on from father to
son.
WEEKS 4 - 5
Sex-Influenced Trait
- Trait that are carried by the autosomes and
not the sex chromosomes.
- Not exclusive to male humans alone.
- Two alleles control this trait – the bald(b),

QQ the recessive gene and the nob-bald (B), the
dominant gene.
UU
AA - The recessive allele for baldness (b)
RR behaves like a dominant.
TT - The baldness trait can be inherited from

EE either parent.
RR
11
WEEKS 4 - 5
Sex-Limited Trait
- Sex-limited traits are phenotypically expressed to one sex and not expressed to another sex regardless of
its dominance.
The genes that control milk

yield and quality in dairy
QQ cattle, for example, are
UU present in both bulls and
cows, but their effects are
AA expressed only in the female
RR cattle.
TT
EE
RR
11
WEEKS 4 - 5
Lesson Rewind:
 The Law of Incomplete Dominance states that in a heterozygous alleles, one allele is
not complete dominant over the other allele resulting in the blending of
characteristics.
 The Law of Codominance states that in a pair of allele involving two dominant traits,
QQ both of the dominant trait partly appears to the offspring.
UU  Multiple Alleles refers to traits controlled by three or more alleles.
AA  Sex-linked traits are traits that are found and controlled by genes in the sex
RR chromosomes.
 Sex-influenced traits are trait that are phenotypically expressed due to the influence
TT of a particular sex.
EE  Sex-limited traits are phenotypically expressed to one sex and not expressed to
RR another sex regardless of its dominance.
11
WEEKS 4 - 5

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WEEKS 4 - 5

SCIENCE 9 Living Things and Their Environment

 describe the location of genes in the chromosomes

1. Humans have _____ chromosomes.

QQ 2. Known as the father of Heredity.

4. An alternative form of a gene.

QQ  Dominant trait- trait being expressed in an organism. It is represented by a capital

The Structure of the Chromosome

The Structure of the Chromosome

Difference between GENE and DNA

Gregor Johann Mendel

Mendel worked with varieties of

Result of the cross:

Mendel’s Law of Dominance

Direction: Find the cross between two homozygous

Result of the cross between

Result of the cross between

Introduction to Non-Mendelian Genetics

A. Principle of Incomplete Dominance

Examples of Incomplete Dominance

PROBLEM 1: Find the cross between a

Examples of Incomplete Dominance

PROBLEM 2: If F1 offspring (RW) were

11 Genotypic ratio: Phenotypic ratio:

Other Examples of Incomplete Dominance

CASE 2: A cross between a Red Coat and a

Result of the cross between homozygous

Example of Principle of Codominance

PROBLEM 3: Find the cross between a

Result of the cross between homozygous

Other Examples of Codominance

C. Principle of Multiple Alleles

Examples of Multiple Alleles

Genotypes Phenotypes Antigen Antibodies

EE ii Type O none Anti a and b

Examples of Multiple Alleles

Examples of Multiple Alleles

What happens when Agglutination occurs?

Examples of Multiple Alleles

Genotypes Phenotypes Can donate blood to Can receive blood from

The ABO and Rh Systems

Other Example of Multiple Alleles

Example of Sex-Linked Traits

UU = 25% XX = 25% normal female(carrier)

Example of Sex-Linked Traits

UU = 50% XX = 50% normal female(carrier)

Example of Sex-Linked Traits

UU = 25% XX = 25% hemophiliac female

Example of Sex-Linked Traits

- a condition wherein the individual is unable to

Example of Sex-Linked Traits

With the use of Ishihara Color Test Plate on

Example of Sex-Linked Traits

 There is no cure for color blindness.

Example of Sex-Linked Traits

Genetic Table for Colorblindness

Example of Sex-Linked Traits