LET’S HAV E A R E C A P

Dependent Independent
Variables Variables

• are those that are affected by independent

variables.
• also called as the outcome variable.
• are the results or effects of the changes brought
about by another variable.
 Dependent
Variables

• are those that are affected by independent

variables.
• also called as the outcome variable.
• are the results or effects of the changes brought
about by another variable.
 Independent
Variables

• are manipulated variables that cause a change

in another variable.
• are the cause variables or the one responsible
for the conditions that act on something else to
bring about changes.
 Qualitative Quantitative
Variables Variables

• are those variables that represent kinds or type

of objects.
• are often categorized into names, labels, or
groups.
• numbers are used as codes to represent the
categorization to measure the extent.
 Qualitative
Variables

• are those variables that represent kinds or type

of objects.
• are often categorized into names, labels, or
groups.
• numbers are used as codes to represent the
categorization to measure the extent.
 Quantitative
Variables

• are those variables that give details

regarding the number or level of something.
• these variables count the frequency of
responses or effect.
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
1. Nominal Scales
2. Ordinal Scales
3. Interval Scales
4. Ratio Scales
ORDINAL OR NOMINAL SCALES ?
• Are variables with NO quantitative value.
• Are just concerned with the names and categories of responses.
• Has two or more categories but does not imply ordering of
cases.
Ex. Nationality
NOMINAL
• Are variables with NO quantitative value.
• Are just concerned with the names and categories of responses.
• Has two or more categories but does not imply ordering of
cases.
Ex. Nationality, zip code
ORDINAL SCALES:
• Are variables that has two or more categories which
can be ranked.
• Are expressed through sequential and numerical order
and therefore allows a comparison of degree.
ex. Educational attainment
INTERVAL SCALES/ RATIO
• use equal units of measurement and intervals where the
difference between two values does have meaning.
• does not use zero as its base point.
ex. IQ
RATIO SCALES:

• are the highest level of measurement.

• possesses the properties of interval variable but
has a clear definition of zero.
Ex. height., age
Identify the level of measurements of the following variables. Write
your answers in your notebook.

INTERVAL OR RATIO SCALES?

1) Speed in miles per hour
2) Area
3) pH
4) Salary
5) Income
Identify the level of measurements of the following variables. Write
your answers in your notebook.

NOMINAL/ ORDINAL SCALES?

1) Birth order
2) Blood type
3) Zip code
4) Religion
5) Socio economic status
Identify the level of measurements of the following variables. Write
your answers in your notebook.

INTERVAL OR RATIO SCALES?

1) Speed in miles per hour - Ratio
2) Area- Ratio
3) pH- interval
4) Salary- Ratio
5) Income - Ratio
Identify the level of measurements of the following variables. Write
your answers in your notebook.

NOMINAL/ ORDINAL SCALES?

1) Birth order- Ordinal
2) Blood type- Nominal
3) Zip code- Nominal
4) Religion- Nominal
5) Socio economic status- Ordinal
 T I O N A N D T H E
TOPIC SELEC T H E
I N T R OD U C T I O N O F
RESEARCH
STUDY:
LEARNING PLAN 2
 In this learning plan, you shall learn the steps and tips in
writing the introduction of your research study.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

This learning plan is designed for you to:

1. identify the basic types of research resources;
2. differentiate the subsections of the introduction of the research
study; and
3. enumerate the basic components expected to be seen in the
significance of the study content.
SELECTING THE TOPIC
QUESTION:
HOW TO ARRIVE WITH A RESEARCH TOPIC?
YOU MIGHT HAVE CONSIDERED THE FOLLOWING:
• INTEREST IN A PARTICULAR FIELD
• DISCUSSIONS WITH PEERS AND ACADEMICS,
• EXISTING LITERATURE

BUT IT IS OFTEN DIFFICULT TO CHOOSE A TOPIC IN AN AREA YOU ARE NOT VERY
FAMILIAR ABOUT…
SO HOW DO YOU SELECT A TOPIC WORTH SEARCHING, THEN?
First, let us take a look at the basic type of sources

1. General( articles, monographs, books and other documents)

2. Primary( journals)
3. Secondary( textbooks)
PRIMARY SOURCES

•Are contemporary accounts of an event, written b y

someone who experienced or witnessed the event
•Diaries, letters, speeches, photographs, newspaper,
artifacts
SECONDARY SOURCES
•Describe or analyze primary sources
•Encyclopedias, textbooks, reviews
IDENTIFYING A RESEARCH TOPIC

•Construct your topic into a research problem.

•Reflect on these questions:
A. Why will I do this?
B. What do I want to know?
SOME GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING A RESEARCH TOPIC
• Check resources that are related to your topic
•Expand topic that is so specific and access more available
resources for it. You can also delimit your topic if it’s too
broad and vague.
•Avoid topics that you do not have any knowledge at all.
•Researchers must consider the availability of sources.
SOME GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING A RESEARCH TOPIC

•Choose a topic that is not yet overly written on by other

researchers in a field.
•Consider the resources or budget needed to analyze data or
information gathered.
 ASSESSING THE AVAILABILITY OF THE RESEARCH TOPIC
Topic:
Questions Yes/ No
1. Are there enough references or sources in libraries or
in the internet that are useful for your topic?
2. Is your topic so specific that it becomes difficult for
you to research it?
3. Is your topic about a technical branch of knowledge
or field of study which you have no background or
knowledge?
 ASSESSING THE AVAILABILITY OF THE RESEARCH TOPIC
Topic:
Questions Yes/ No
4. Is the topic not vague, intangible, debatable?
5. Is the topic not easily answerable?
6. Is the topic not overly written on by other researchers
in the field?
7. Do you have the necessary funds or resources to
collect data over a period of time?
 WRITING A RESEARCH
TITLE

A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF WHAT YOUR STUDY IS ALL ABOUT

The following are some of the reminders in writing your
research title;
Set a 10-12 word limit for titles.
Summarize the main idea or issue, if not the argument of the paper.
Identify the primary variables and the relationship among them, as well as the theoretical
issues underlying these.
Identify the population(s) used.
Do not use word such as “study of” or “an experimental research in”, these words or
phrases are redundant.
Only include words that provide important and sufficient information about the research,
Avoid using abbreviations.

*Remember, it is best to write a working research title. Titles provide directions of the research
paper in a snapshot.
 THE INTRODUCTION OF THE
RESEARCH STUDY
THIS SECTION, LET US TRY TO POINT OUT THE ESSENCE OF PURSUING
YOUR RESEARCH AND PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE FOCUS OF THE
STUDY.
GOOD INTRODUCTION COMPOSES THE
FOLLOWING SUBSECTIONS

•1. Nature and backgound of the study

•2.Statement of the problem/research questions
•3. Scope and delimitation of the study
•4. Purpose/objective of the study