METROLOGY

vernier
• Metrology is derived from two Greek words, one is metro which means
measurement and other is logy which means science.
• Metrology is a science of measurement
• Metrology is the science of measurement that deals with resolution,
accuracy and repeatability
• Engineering metrology is the measurement of dimensions: length,
thickness, diameter, taper angle, flatness, profiles, etc.
• Metrology becomes useful while raw material inspection, during
production and after the parts are manufactured i.e. final inspections of
parts.
METROLOGICAL TERMINOLOGIES
• TOLERANCE : Variation permitted in a dimension
• ACCURACY : the degree to which the result of a measurement,
conforms to the correct value or a standard.
Accuracy refers to the closeness of a measured value to a
standard or known value.
• PRECISION : Precision refers to the closeness of two or more
measurements to each other.
• SENSITIVITY : Smallest change in the value of the measured variable to which
the instrument responds.
STEEL RULE:
• It is also known as scale.
• It is the line measuring device.
• It is the simplest and common measuring instrument used for
inspection.
• It may be 150 mm, 300 mm, 600 mm or 1000 mm long.
VERNIER CALLIPER
VERNIER CALLIPER:
• The Vernier Calliper essentially consists of two steel rules and these
can slide along each other.
• 1. Outside jaws: used to measure external diameter or width of an
object
• 2. Inside jaws: used to measure internal diameter of an object
• 3. Depth probe: used to measure depths of an object or a hole
MICROMETER:
MICROMETER:
• The micrometer essentially consists of U shaped frame.
• The component to be measured is held between fixed anvil and
movable spindle.
• The spindle can be moved with the help of thimble.
• There are two scales on micrometer, a main scale and a circular scale.
• The barrel is graduated in unit of 0.5 mm whereas thimble has got 50
divisions around its periphery.
• One revolution of thimble moves 0.5 mm which is the lead of the
screw and also the pitch.
INSIDE MICROMETER
• Inside micrometers are used to measure inside dimensions like the
inside diameter of a hole or tube.

• Caliper-type inside micrometers

• Tubular and rod inside micrometers.
Caliper-type inside micrometers

• Caliper-type inside micrometers have measuring jaws similar to those

found on a dial caliper or vernier caliper.
• The jaws are inserted into the space to be measured and are adjusted
by turning the thimble or ratchet speeder.
Tubular and Rod inside Micrometers
Tubular and Rod inside micrometers.

• Both tubular micrometers and rod micrometers are placed within the
space to be measured and extended until the measuring faces contact
the edges of the space to be measured.
• Rod micrometers come with a selection of measuring rods which,
when attached to the tool, extend the measuring capabilities of the
micrometer.
BEVEL PROTRACTOR
• The bevel protractor is used to establish and test angles to very close
tolerances. It reads to 5 minutes or 1/20o and can be used completely
through 360o.
• The bevel protractor consists of a beam, graduated dial and blade
which is connected to swivel plate (with Vernier scale) by thumb nut
and clamp.
BEVEL PROTRACTOR
SINE BAR
• Angles are measured using a sine bar with the help of gauge blocks
and a dial guage.
• A sine bar consists of a hardened, precision ground body with two
precision ground cylinders fixed at the ends.
• The distance between the centers of the cylinders is precisely
controlled, and the top of the bar is parallel to a line through the
centers of the two rollers.
• The dimension between the two rollers is chosen to be a whole
number (for ease of later calculations) and forms the hypotenuse of a
triangle when in use.
SINE BAR
GAUGE BLOCKS
GAUGE BLOCKS
• The individual gauge block is a metal or ceramic block that has been
precision ground and lapped to a specific thickness.
• Gauge blocks are a system for producing precision lengths.
• The blocks are joined by a sliding process called wringing, which
causes their ultra-flat surfaces to cling together.
• A small number of gauge blocks can be used to create accurate
lengths within a wide range.
GO-NO GO GAUGE
• A Go-No gauge refers to an inspection tool used to check a workpiece
against its allowed tolerances. Its name is derived from two tests: the
check involves the workpiece having to pass one test (Go) and fail the
other (No Go).
• The Go plug would be intended for gauging the smallest acceptable
hole size.
• The NoGo plug would be intended for gauging the largest acceptable
hole size.
GO-NO GO GAUGE
• A typical snap gage consist of a C-frame with gaging members in the
jaw of the frame.
• Snap gauges are often used when a large quantity of work pieces
must be inspected.
• The snap gauge has four anvils or jaws, the first one or pair
(outermost) are set using the upper limit (tolerance) of the part and
the inner set adjusted to the lower limit of the part.
• A correctly machined part will pass the first set of jaws and stop at the
second — end of test.
THREAD GO-NO GO GAUGE
• GO NO GO thread gauge is thread inspection tool for checking thread.
• The go end should go through the entire thread, the NO GO end
should be stopped between the thread of work-pieces.
PLAIN SNAP GO-NO GO GAUGE
• A snap gage is a form of Go/no go gauge.
• It is a limit gage with permanently or temporarily fixed measurement
aperture(s) (gaps) which is used to quickly verify whether an outside
dimension of a part matches a preset dimension or falls within
predefined tolerances.
THREAD SNAP GO-NO GO GAUGES
THREAD SNAP GO-NO GO GAUGES
• Thread snap gages are also called a thread calipers. Thread snap gages
are only used for checking external threaded parts.
• Thread snap gages are available in either a Knife Edge Style or a Roller
Style.
• The front set of gage members are a complete GO gage. The
components should pass through the GO rollers under their own
weight or with the very slightest of pressure. Under no circumstances
should any force be used to assist entry.
• The rear gage members constitute a NOGO effective diameter gage,
the threads being cleared away at the crest and root
PLAIN RING GO-NO NO GAUGE
• A ring gauge, is a cylindrical ring of a thermally stable material, often
steel, whose inside diameter is finished to gauge tolerance and is used
for checking the external diameter of a cylindrical object.