TOPICS

1. Division Of Numbers.

2. Shapes & Their Properties.

3. Circle & Its Properties.

4. Fractional Numbers.

5. Patterns In Square Numbers & Triangular Numbers.

6. Comparison Of Reactions
Division Of Numbers.
Division is the opposite of multiplication. If 3 groups of 4 make 12 in
multiplication, 12 divided into 3 equal groups give 4 in each group in
division.

The main goal of dividing is to see how many equal groups are formed or
how many are in each group when sharing fairly.

In the above example, to divide 12 donuts into 3 similar groups, you will
have to put 4 donuts in each group. So, 12 divided by 3 will give the result
4.
 Special Names for Numbers in Division Equation

Dividend: The dividend is the number that is being divided in the division process.
Divisor: The number by which the dividend is being divided by is called the divisor.
Quotient: The quotient is a result obtained in the division process.
Remainder: Sometimes, we cannot divide things exactly. There may be a leftover number. That leftover
number is called the remainder.
The relationship between these four parts can be expressed as follows:
Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder
This is also called the division formula to check whether the answer is correct or not.
For example, let’s divide 16 by 3. The leftover will be 1.
Here, dividend = 16, divisor = 3, quotient = 5 and remainder = 1
So, 16 = 3 × 5 + 1
 Shapes & Their Properties
Circle
A circle is a closed 2d figure in which the set of all the points in the plane is equidistant
from a given point called “center”. The distance from the center to the outer line of the
circle is called a radius. The example of the circle in real life are wheels, pizzas, orbit, etc.
Triangle
A triangle is a three-sided polygon (2d Shape) which has three edges and three vertices. The
sum of all the three angles of a triangle is equal to 180°. Pyramids are the best example of a
triangle shape.
Square
A square is a four-sided polygon (2d Shape), whose four sides are equal in length and all the
angles are equal to 90°. It is considered to be a two-dimensional regular quadrilateral. The
diagonals of the square also bisect each other at 90°. A wall or a table where all the sides are
equal are the examples of square shape.
Rectangle
A rectangle is a 2d shape which has four sides, where the opposite sides are equal and
parallel to each other. All the angles of a rectangle are equal to 90°. A brick, TV,
cardboard, which has length and breadth are examples of the rectangle.
 Circle & Its Properties.
A circle is a closed shape formed by tracing a point that moves in a plane such that its
distance from a given point is constant. The word circle is derived from the Greek
word kirkos, meaning hoop or ring. In this article, we cover the various circle
formulas, properties of a circle & important terms related to circles.
Terms Description
Circumference The boundary of the circle is known as the circumference

Radius The line from the centre “O” of the circle to the circumference of the circle is called the radius and it is denoted by “R” or “r”

The line that passes through the centre of the circle and touches the two points on the circumference is called the diameter and
Diameter
it is denoted by the symbol “D” or “d”

Arc Arc is the part of the circumference where the largest arc is called the major arc and the smaller one is called the minor arc

Sector Sector is slice of a circle bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle

Chord The straight line that joins any two points on the circumference of a circle is called the chord

Tangent A line that touches the circumference of a circle at a point is called the tangent

Secant A line that cuts the circle at the two distinct points is known as the secant
Circle Properties
Some of the important properties of the circle are as follows:
•The circles are said to be congruent if they have equal radii
•The diameter of a circle is the longest chord of a circle
•Equal chords of a circle subtend equal angles at the centre
•The radius drawn perpendicular to the chord bisects the chord
•Circles having different radius are similar
•A circle can circumscribe a rectangle, trapezium, triangle, square, kite
•A circle can be inscribed inside a square, triangle and kite
•The chords that are equidistant from the centre are equal in length
•The distance from the centre of the circle to the longest chord (diameter) is zero
•The perpendicular distance from the centre of the circle decreases when the length of the chord increases
•If the tangents are drawn at the end of the diameter, they are parallel to each other
•An isosceles triangle is formed when the radii joining the ends of a chord to the centre of a circle
Fractional Numbers.
Fraction is used to represent the portion/part of the whole thing. It represents the equal parts of the
whole. A fraction has two parts, namely numerator and denominator. The number on the top is called
the numerator, and the number on the bottom is called the denominator. The numerator defines the
number of equal parts taken, whereas the denominator defines the total number of equal parts in a
whole.
For example, 5/10 is a fraction.
Here, 5 is a numerator and 10 is a denominator.
Patterns In Square Numbers & Triangular Numbers.
A triangular number or triangle number counts the objects that can form an equilateral triangle.
The nth triangle number is the number of dots composing a triangle with n dots on a side, and is equal to
the sum of the n natural numbers from 1 to n. The sequence of triangular numbers starting at the 0th
triangular number, is:
0, 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, 55, 66, 78, 91, 105, 120, 136, 153, 171, 190, 210, 231, 253, 276, 300,
325, 351, 378, 406 …
A square number or perfect square is an integer that is the square of an integer; in other words,
it is the product of some integer with itself.
For example, 9 is a square number, since it can be written as 3×3.
The usual notation for the formula for the square of a number n is not the product n×n, but the
equivalent exponentiation n2, usually pronounced as "n squared".
Square numbers are non-negative. For example, √9=±3, so 9 is a square number.
The number m is a square number if and only if one can compose a square of m equal (lesser)
squares.
The numbers whose dot patterns can be arranged as triangles are called triangular numbers.
The sum of two consecutive triangular numbers is a square number. This happens because they
form a square on combining.
Comparison Of Fractions
A fraction is defined as a part of a whole or any number of equal parts. Sometimes it is required to
compare two fractions, in order to find out which is larger or smaller. In Mathematics, there are two
methods used for comparing fractions. They are
1.Decimal Method
2.Same Denominator Method
Comparing Fractions Using Decimal Method
In the decimal method, each fraction is converted into a decimal by directly dividing the numerator by
the denominator. After division, the decimal value is compared.
Example for Comparing Fractions using Decimal Method
Which of the following fraction is smaller: 2/4 or 5/12?
Step 1: Convert each fraction into a decimal value.
2/4 = 0.5
5/12 = 0.416
Step 2: Compare the decimal value.
As 0.5 is greater than 0.416 therefore, 5/12 is smaller than 2/4.
Comparing Fractions Using the Same Denominator Method
As we know every fraction is composed of two terms: Numerator and Denominator. The term
on top is the numerator and the term at the bottom is the denominator. For example, consider
a fraction of 3/4. Here, 3 is the numerator and 4 is the denominator.
Example for Comparing Fractions Using the Same Denominator Method:
Like fractions can be compared easily as their denominator is the same but to compare unlike
fractions, they should be converted to like-fractions. Let us see the method of comparison of
both these types.