AERODYNAMICS 1

Engr. Angelo Thomas C. Cruz

 CHAPTER 2
Atmosphere
Nitrogen 78.03%
Oxygen 20.99%
Argon 0.94%
Carbon Dioxide 0.03%
Hydrogen 0.01%
Helium 0.004%
Neon 0.0012%
Ionospher
e

{
 }
Stratopause

Stratosphere
Isothermal, T = 216.5 K
T = 390.15
{
°R Tropopause

}
Troposphere
 𝜃 =
T
T0
K
T = 288K + (-6.51
𝑘𝑚 )(6
248.94
𝜃 = 288
km)
T = 248.94
K K = K
𝜃
0.864
 𝜃 =
T
T0
°R
T = 519 °R + (-0.003566
𝑓 𝑡 )(15000
465.51
𝜃 = 519
ft)
T = 465.51
°R °R= °R
𝜃
0.897
 h=
T−
T0
a
−0.00651
260 K − 288
h= 𝑚
K– 28
K
h
K
= −0.00651𝑚
h =K
4301.08m
h = 4.301 km

h = 14,107.53
ft
𝑃(1)(1) = (𝑃 + 𝑑𝑃 )(1)(1) + 𝜌𝑔𝑑ℎ
𝑃 = 𝑃 + 𝑑𝑃 + 𝜌𝑔𝑑ℎ
𝑑𝑃 = −𝜌𝑔𝑑ℎ
Hydrostatic Hence
Equation: ;

From Ideal gas

Law: Integrating both
sides:

Therefore,

At gradient
region,
 Let try substituting using English
constants:
−9.8066 𝑚2 −32.174 𝑓 𝑡2
𝑠 𝑠
𝛿= 𝑃 = 𝑇 −0.00651 𝐾
𝑚 𝑘𝑔·𝐾 𝑃 𝑇 𝑅 𝑙𝑏𝑓·𝑓𝑡 32.174
𝑃0 𝑇0 (287.08 𝑁·𝑚
) 𝛿= = −0.003566 𝑓 𝑡 ( 5 3 . 3 4 2 𝑙𝑏𝑚·𝑅 ) ( 1 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
𝑃0 𝑇0 𝑙𝑏𝑚 )
5.26
𝑃 𝑇
5.26 𝑃 𝑇
𝛿= = 𝛿= =
𝑃0 𝑇0 𝑃0 𝑇0
5.26
𝑃 𝑇0 + 𝑎ℎ
𝛿= = Where
𝑃0 𝑇0 : 𝑃
𝛿= 𝑃0 = Pressure
5.26 ratio
𝛿= 𝑃 = 𝑇0 𝑎ℎ
P = pressure at any altitude above sea level up to tropopause in lb/ft2
or Pa P0 = 2116.8 lb/ft2 or 101325Pa
𝑃0 0
+ 0
𝑇 𝑇 5.26 a = (-0.003566𝑓 𝑡°R) or (-0.00651 K
𝑚 ) or (-6.51
𝑃 𝑎ℎ
𝛿= = 1+ h
K = any altitude above sea level up to tropopause in ft, m, or
𝑘𝑚
𝑃0 𝑇0 )
km.
 𝛿 = 𝑃
5.26
𝑃 = 1 + 𝑎ℎ 𝑃
𝑃0 𝑇0 0

𝑎ℎ
5.26 61,550.01
𝛿 𝑃𝑎
𝑃 = 𝑃0 1+ 101325 𝑃𝑎
𝑇0 =
5.26
K 𝛿 = 0.607
−0.00651 𝑚 (4000 𝑚)
𝑃 = 101325 𝑃𝑎 1+
288 𝐾
𝑃 = 61,550.01 𝑃𝑎
 °
R

5.26
𝑃 𝑇
=
𝑃0 𝑇0
5.26
𝑇
𝑃 = 𝑃0
𝑇0
5.26
𝑙𝑏𝑠 433 °𝑅
𝑃 = 2116.8
𝑓 𝑡 2 519 °𝑅

𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑃 = 816.26
𝑓𝑡2
 1
𝑃 =
5.26 𝑃 5.26
1 + 𝑎ℎ 𝑇0 𝑃0 −
𝑃0 𝑇0 ℎ= 1
𝑎
1 1 1
5.26 5.26
𝑃 30000 𝑃𝑎
1 + 𝑎ℎ
5.26 5.26
= 288 𝐾 −1
𝑃0 𝑇0 101325 𝑃𝑎
ℎ=
1
𝑃 − 0.00651 𝑚
K
= 1 + 𝑎ℎ
5.26

𝑃0 𝑇0 ℎ = 9,138.74 𝑚
1
𝑎ℎ 𝑃 5.26
= −1
𝑇0
𝑃0
From ideal gas
law: 𝑃 𝑇 5.26
= 𝜌𝑅𝑇 𝜌
𝑃0 𝜌0 𝑅𝑇0 𝑇0
=
𝜌0 𝑇
𝑃 𝜌𝑇 𝑇0
=
𝑃0 𝜌0𝑇0 5.26−1
𝜌
𝑇 =
Substitute to the pressure
ratio equation: 𝜌0 𝑇0
5.26 4.26
𝑃 𝑇 𝜌 𝑇
𝛿= = =
𝑃0 𝑇0 𝜌0 𝑇0 Where
: 𝜌
𝜎 = 𝜌 0 = Density
5.26 4.26 ratio
𝜌 = density at any altitude above sea level up
𝜌𝑇 𝑇 𝜌 𝑇0 + 𝑎ℎ
= 𝜎= = to tropopause in slug/ft3 or kg/m3
𝜌0𝑇0 𝑇0 𝜌0 𝑇0 𝜌 0 = 0.002377 slug/ft3 or 1.225 kg/m3

𝜌 𝑎ℎ
4.26 a = (-0.003566𝑓 𝑡°R) or (-0.00651 K
𝑚 ) or (-6.51
𝜎= = 1+ h
K = any altitude above sea level up to tropopause
𝑘𝑚
𝜌0 𝑇0 ) in ft, m, or km.
𝜌 =
4.26 �
1 + 𝑎ℎ
𝜌0 𝑇0 𝜎 = �0
𝜌
4.26
𝑎ℎ
𝜌 = 𝜌0 1+ 0.001065 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
𝑓𝑡3
𝑇0 𝜎=
𝑠𝑙𝑢
°R 4.26 0.002377
𝑔
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 (−0.003566 𝑓 𝑡 )(25000 𝑓𝑡 )
𝜌 = 0.002377 1 + 𝑓𝑡3
𝑓𝑡3 519 °𝑅 𝜎 = 0.448
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
𝜌 = 0.001065
𝑓𝑡3
 4.26
4.26 5.26
𝜌 𝑇 𝑃 𝑇 𝜌 𝑃 5.26
= = =
𝜌0 𝑇0 𝑃0 𝑇0 𝜌0 𝑃0 4.26
1 1 5.26
𝑇 𝜌 4.26 𝑇 𝑃 5.26
𝜌 = 0.002377
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 2010 𝑓𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑡2
= =
𝑇0 𝜌0 𝑇0 𝑃0 𝑓𝑡3 𝑙𝑏𝑠
2116.8 2
1 1
𝑓𝑡
𝜌 4.26 𝑃 5.26
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
= 𝜌 = 0.002279
𝜌0 𝑃0
𝑓𝑡3
1 4.26 1 4.26
𝜌 4.26 𝑃 5.26
=
𝜌0 𝑃0