GROUP 2

CERVICAL POLYPS
 MEMBERS

1. Panaline Chepngeno HSN211-0018/2020

2. Samson Kiptoo HSN211-0023/2020
3. Rhoda Engefu HSN211-0004/2020
4. Veronicah Kakyete HSN211-0012/2020
5. Rop Titus- HSN211-0036/2020
6. Brian Macharia HSN-0055/2019
7. Jacob Muema HSN211-0009/2020
8. Murimi Kelvin HSN211-0008/2020
9. Samuel Garang HSN211-0071/2019
10. Kelvin Mithamo HSN211-0007/2020
Introduction

 Cervical polyps are benign tumors arising from the endocervical

epithelium and may be seen as smooth reddish protrusions in the
cervix.
 Polyps are usually cherry –red to reddish-purple or grayish white.
They vary in size and often look like bulbs on thin stems.
Epidemiology

 In the general population, the estimated prevalence is between 2%-

5% of women. Multigravida women have an increased risk
compared to nulliparous women. One of 8 women has a recurrence
of cervical polyp after removal.
Types

 Ectocervical polyps- can develop from the outer surface layer cells
of the cervix. They are more common in postmenopausal women.
 Endocervical polyps- develop rom cervical glands inside the
cervical canal.
 most cervical polyps are endocervical polyps, and are more
common in premenopausal women.
 Etiology
 The etiology of cervical polyps remains unknown. But many theories have been identified to explain the
causes;

 Result from the congestion of cervical blood vessels, these can disrupt the blood flow, leading to polyp
development.

 Chronic inflammation of the cervix- The body's inflammatory response causes cellular changes and immune
responses that result in repair of the damaged tissue and cellular proliferation (growth) at the site of the
injured tissue.

 Chemicals that irritate the cervix over the long term can cause abnormal changes in the cells.

 Abnormal response to the increase in estrogen levels, which may result in excessive growth of the cervical
tissue and may be associated with endometrial hyperplasia

 Bacterial infection example STIs whereby the causal agent may trigger inflammatory process of the body.
 Persons at risk
 Premenopausal women

 Multigravida-Multigravida women have an increased risk of developing cervical

polyps compared to the nulliparous.

 Sexually transmitted infections

 Previous history of cervical polyps- according to studies one of eight women has
a recurrence of cervical polyp after removal.

 Pregnant women- during pregnancy the level of estrogen normally rises so as to

maintain the pregnancy.
 Signs and Symptoms

 Cervical polyps may not cause symptoms. However, you can

experience;
 Discharge which may be foul smelling if there is an infection.
 Bleeding in between periods.
 Heavier bleeding during periods.
 Bleeding after intercourse.
Diagnosis

 Health history- bleeding between periods, bleeding after intercourse.

 Physical examination- Pelvic exam- uses a speculum to visualize
the cervix. Cervical polyps appear smooth with red or purple and
protrude from the cervical canal into the vagina.
 Triple smear or vaginal-cervical-endocervical (VSE) smear.
 Transvaginal ultrasonography.
Medical Management

 Hormonal replacement therapy using oestrogen and progesterone is

the current medical management for women with cervical polyps
 Surgical management

 Cervical polypectomy- Done for polyps that cause bleeding or discharge of any
form.
 The polyp is grasped from the base with a polyp forceps and twisted for
removal.
 Expected duration

 Sometimes a polyp will come off on its own during sexual intercourse or
during menstruation. However, most polyps need to be removed to treat any
symptoms and to evaluate the tissue for cancer, which is rare.
 Prevention

Most cases of cervical polyps are not possible to prevent.

 However, having regular pelvic examinations and Pap smear tests should ensure that doctors
can catch any polyps and treat them early on.

 It is possible that some infections could contribute to cervical polyps developing. Due to this,
practicing safe sex and proper hygiene to avoid infection may also help to prevent cervical
polyps.

 People can also wear cotton underwear to increase the airflow to the area. This will prevent the
region from becoming too hot and moist, which is the perfect environment for infections to
thrive.
 Differential Diagnosis

 The differential diagnosis of cervical polyps can be extensive as symptomatic patients

usually present with abnormal uterine bleeding. Abnormal uterine bleeding may happen
due to different etiologies, such as:
 Uterine fibroid.

 Endometrial hyperplasia and malignancy.

 Endometriosis.

 Adenomyosis- Adenomyosis occurs when the tissue that normally lines the uterus
(endometrial tissue) grows into the muscular wall of the uterus. The displaced tissue
continues to act normally — thickening, breaking down and bleeding
 Cervical ectropion- when the soft cells (glandular cells) that line the inside of the cervical canal
spread to the outer surface of your cervix.

 Cervical cancer.

 Surface lesions of the genital tract.

 Sexually transmitted infections.

 Pregnancy-related conditions, i.e., ectopic pregnancy and spontaneous abortion

 During the gynecological examination, an endometrial polyp projecting through the cervical
canal may resemble a cervical polyp if it is in the cervix.
 References

 Alkilani, Y. G., & Apodaca-Ramos, I. (2020). Cervical Polyps.

 Golan, A., Ber, A., Wolman, I., & David, M. P. (1994). Cervical polyp: evaluation of current treatment. Gynecologic

and obstetric investigation, 37(1), 56-58.

 Cervical polyps - StatPearls - NCBI bookshelf. (2021, September 9). National Center for Biotechnology Information.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562185/

 Site designed and developed by bka interactive ltd, Auckland, New Zealand (www.bka.co.nz). (2022, February

10). Cervical polyps. Health Navigator New Zealand. https://www.healthnavigator.org.nz/health-a-z/c/cervical-polyps/