RESEARC

H PAPER
Second Shot
 Research Paper
A research paper is a piece of academic writing
that provides analysis, interpretation, and
argument based on in-depth independent research.

Writing a research paper requires you to

demonstrate a strong knowledge of your topic,
engage with a variety of sources, and make an
original contribution to the debate.
 TERMS USED IN
RESEARCH
“The only true wisdom is in knowing you
know nothing.”
- Socrates -
RESEARCH

It is a thorough study of a certain

problem, the possible causes, and
finding out which of the possible
solutions is the most effective.
Defined as an explanation
that offers to classify,
organize, explain, predict,
and/or understand the
occurrence of a specific
phenomenon.
THEORY
It is the starting point of all
research activities.
CONCEPTUALIZATI
ON
This is converting an abstract
idea, notion, or concept into a
measurable item.
OPERATIONALIZATIO
N
 VARIABLES

It is the variable being tested and

DEPENDENT measured in an experiment and is
“dependent” on the independent
variable.

It is the variable the experimenter

changes or controls and is assumed to
have a direct effect on the dependent INDEPENDENT
variable.
 HYPOTHESIS
It is a statement which states or
describes the expected relationship
between the independent variable.
It is an educated guess.
 Research Hypothesis
 Null Hypothesis
 Rival Hypothesis
 POPULATION
It is where the
information needed in
a research project
must be gathered or
taken from.

2012 2015 2018 2020 2022

 SAMPLE
To provide the needed
information in a research, only a
sample from the target
population can be taken.
 RANDOM SAMPLING

All members of a given

population have the same
chances of being selected.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SAMPLING

 RANDOM SAMPLING

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SAMPLING

STRATIFIED RANDOM

The whole population is first

divided into subgroups. Each
stratum will be equally
represented in the sampling.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SAMPLING

STRATIFIED RANDOM

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SAMPLING

 CLUSTER

The sample is randomly selected

from groups rather than
individuals.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SAMPLING

 CLUSTER

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SAMPLING

 SNOWBALL

Individual/s provide names of

other people for sampling.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SAMPLING

 SNOWBALL

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SAMPLING

 PURPOSIVE

Specific individuals chosen by

the researchers will be the
subject of the study.
Judgmental or Convenience
sample.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SAMPLING

 PURPOSIVE

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SAMPLING

 DATA
These are pieces of information
gathered from the sample
 BASIC OUTLINE
Create a Process the data
questionnaire. gathered.
STEP 2 STEP 4

STEP 1 STEP 3 STEP 5

Formulate a Conduct surveys Conclude your
question. or interviews. research.
PARTS OF A
RESEARCH
PAPER
First Part
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
QUIZ
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