NEW AENG 201 Chapter 2 VST HDE Exact - Edited V3

CHAPTER 2
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF ORDER ONE AND DEGREE ONE

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF 1ST ORDER AND 1ST
DEGREE
A differential equation of first order and first degree may be written in the
differential form
Equation 1
where and are functions of .

DEGREE
VARIABLE SEPARABLE
If by algebraic processes, Equation 1 may be written in the form
Equation 2
where and are functions of one variable indicated, then we can say that this
equation is variable separable.
DEGREE
VARIABLE SEPARABLE
Upon integration, the equation becomes
Equation 3
where is an arbitrary constant.

DEGREE
VARIABLE SEPARABLE
 Example:
Solve the given differential equations.
1.
DEGREE
VARIABLE SEPARABLE
 Example 1:
This is a DE of order one and degree one. Using variable separation, it

becomes
Upon integration, the solution is

DEGREE
VARIABLE SEPARABLE
 Example 2:
Upon cross multiplication, this becomes a DE of order one and degree one.
Through variable separation,

DEGREE
VARIABLE SEPARABLE
 Example 2:
Integrating both terms,
Therefore, the solution is

DEGREE
HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS
A function is called homogeneous of degree n if .
 Example 1: Show if the function is homogeneous or not.
This equation satisfies the condition for a homogeneous equation.

Note: An easier way of checking if the function is homogeneous is to add the power of the variables
x and y in each term. If the sum of the powers is the same, then the function is homogeneous.
DEGREE
The sum of the powers of the variables in the first term is 3 while the sum of the
powers of the variables in the second term is 4. Since they are not equal, the
function is not homogeneous.
DEGREE
The sum of the powers of the variables in all the terms are equal to 2. Therefore,
the function is homogeneous.
DEGREE
HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
The differential equation is homogeneous if and are homogeneous and of the same
degree.
 Example 1:
Although and are homogeneous, they are of different degree. Hence, this DE is
non-homogeneous.
DEGREE
HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
The differential equation is homogeneous if and are homogeneous and of the same
degree.
 Example 2:
This example is homogeneous since both and are homogeneous and have the same
degree of two (2).
DEGREE
The transformation and will reduce any homogeneous equation to the form
Equation 4
in which the variables are separable.

DEGREE
Equation 4
Procedure:
1. Show that the differential equation is homogeneous.
2. Transform the DE to its variable separable form .
3. Using variable separation, transform it to .
4. Integrate both terms to get .
5. Replace by to recover the original variables.
DEGREE
 Example 1:
• The equation is homogeneous of degree 3.
• Use the transformation and

DEGREE
 Example 1:
• Separating the variables,

DEGREE
 Example 1:
• Since , then
DEGREE
REDUCTION TO HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Example 2:
• The equation is homogeneous of degree 2.

DEGREE
REDUCTION TO VARIABLE SEPARABLE
 Example 2:
• Separating the variables and integrating the terms,

DEGREE
NON-HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS
 General Form
where all a’s, b’s, and c’s are constants.
 Cases:
DEGREE
 Case 1.
Using the transformation

and
Convert the equation to the form

DEGREE
 Case 1.
 Procedure:
1. Transform the equation to the form .
2. Use variable separation to transform this into.
4. Recover the original variables.
DEGREE
 Case 1.
 Example 1:
;a1 =1, b1=1, c1=0
1(3) – 3(1) = 0
DEGREE
 Case 1.
 Example 1:
• Recovering the original variables x and y,

DEGREE
 Case 1.
 Example 2:

DEGREE
 Case 1.
 Example 2:
• Recovering the original variables x and y,

DEGREE
 Case 2.
Using the transformation
and
and
where h and k are x and y values, respectively after solving and .
The equation then becomes

DEGREE
 Case 2.
 Procedure:
1. Solve for h and k
2. Transform the equation to the form .
3. Use variable separation to transform this into.
5. Recover the original variables.
DEGREE
 Case 2.
 Example 1:
;a1=2,b1=-5,c1=3
a2=-2,b2=-4,c2=6
• Solving for x and y,
therefore and .
DEGREE
 Case 2.
 Example 1:
• Use the transformation , , , and
The equation is now a homogeneous differential equation with degree 1 and can further be
reduced.
DEGREE
 Case 2.
 Example 1:

DEGREE
 Case 2.
 Example 1:

DEGREE
 Case 2.
 Example 1:
, Recover the original variables,

DEGREE
 Case 2.
 Example 2:
• Solving for x and y,
therefore and .
DEGREE
 Case 2.
 Example 2:
• Use the transformation , , , and
The equation is now a homogeneous differential equation with degree 1 and can further be
reduced.
DEGREE
 Case 2.
 Example 2:

DEGREE
 Case 2.
 Example 2:
• Recover the original variables,

DEGREE
EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 The differential equation is exact if the equation satisfies the test for exactness.
 Test for Exactness:
Z = f(x,y); M = ; N =
=; =
DEGREE
 Example: Do the test for exactness to the following DE:
DEGREE
 Example 1:
• Test for exactness:
Since , then the differential equation is exact.

DEGREE
 Example 2:
Since , then the differential equation is exact.

DEGREE
 Procedure:
1. Do the test for exactness.
2. Solve for .
3. Differentiate with respect to y (partial differentiation).

= N(x,y)
DEGREE
 Procedure:
4. Equate to to obtain .
5. Since, can be found.
DEGREE
 Example 1:
the differential equation is exact.

DEGREE
 Example 1:
• Solve for :
+
DEGREE
 Example 1:
• Differentiate with respect to y:
• Comparing to ,
DEGREE
 Example 1:
• Integrating ,
DEGREE
 Example 1:
• Completing the solution,

DEGREE
 Example 1: Alternative Solution
• Using ,
DEGREE
 Example 1:
• Differentiate with respect to x:
• Comparing to ,
DEGREE
 Example 1:
• Integrating ,
DEGREE
 Example 1:
The solution using both method is the same.

DEGREE
 Example 2:
the differential equation is exact.

DEGREE
 Example 2:
• Solve for :
+
DEGREE
 Example 2:
• Comparing to ,
DEGREE
 Example 2:
• Integrating ,
DEGREE
 Example 2:
Try the second method to check the answer.

DEGREE
INTEGRATING FACTORS
 If the differential equation is inexact, an integrating factor is necessary.
 Cases:
1. If ; a function of x alone, the integrating factor, is .
2. If ; a function of y alone, use .

DEGREE
INTEGRATING FACTORS
 Procedure:
1. Using the test for exactness, confirm if the equation is inexact.
2. Try if Case I or Case II and use appropriate integrating factor.
3. Multiply original equation by the integrating factor and check if the equation is now exact. The
new equation should be in the form
4. Apply procedure for exact differential equation.

DEGREE
INTEGRATING FACTORS
 Example 1 (Case I):

the equation is not exact
• Try Case I:
; ; [/(xy) = 1/x
• Use integrating factor, =
DEGREE
INTEGRATING FACTORS
• Integrating factor:
• Multiplying the integrating factor to the original equation,

DEGREE
INTEGRATING FACTORS

the equation is now exact
• Solve for :
DEGREE
INTEGRATING FACTORS
• Comparing to ,
DEGREE
INTEGRATING FACTORS
• Integrating ,

DEGREE
INTEGRATING FACTORS

• Try Case I:
DEGREE
INTEGRATING FACTORS

DEGREE
INTEGRATING FACTORS

• Solve for :
+ g(y)
DEGREE
INTEGRATING FACTORS
• Use IBP for :
Let
DEGREE
INTEGRATING FACTORS

DEGREE
INTEGRATING FACTORS
• Comparing to ,
DEGREE
INTEGRATING FACTORS
• Integrating ,

DEGREE
INTEGRATING FACTORS
 Example 3 (Case II):

• Try Case I:
DEGREE
INTEGRATING FACTORS
• Try Case 2:

DEGREE
INTEGRATING FACTORS

DEGREE
INTEGRATING FACTORS

• Solve for :
+ g(y)
+ g(y)
DEGREE
INTEGRATING FACTORS

+ g(y)
+ g’(y)
DEGREE
INTEGRATING FACTORS
• Comparing to ,
DEGREE
INTEGRATING FACTORS
• Integrating ,

DEGREE
INTEGRATING FACTORS

not exact
• Try Case I:
• Check if Case II
DEGREE
INTEGRATING FACTORS
• Try Case 2:

DEGREE
INTEGRATING FACTORS

DEGREE
INTEGRATING FACTORS

• Solve for :
DEGREE
INTEGRATING FACTORS

DEGREE
INTEGRATING FACTORS
• Comparing to ,
DEGREE
INTEGRATING FACTORS
• Integrating ,

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CHAPTER 2

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF ORDER ONE AND DEGREE ONE

where and are functions of .

where is an arbitrary constant.

This is a DE of order one and degree one. Using variable separation, it

Upon integration, the solution is

Through variable separation,

Integrating both terms,

Therefore, the solution is

This equation satisfies the condition for a homogeneous equation.

in which the variables are separable.

• The equation is homogeneous of degree 3.

• Use the transformation and

• Separating the variables,

• The equation is homogeneous of degree 2.

• Separating the variables and integrating the terms,

where all a’s, b’s, and c’s are constants.

Using the transformation

Convert the equation to the form

;a1 =1, b1=1, c1=0

• Separating the variables and integrating the terms,

• Recovering the original variables x and y,

• Use the transformation and

• Separating the variables and integrating the terms,

• Recovering the original variables x and y,

The equation then becomes

• Use the transformation , , , and

• Use the transformation and

• Separating the variables and integrating the terms,

, Recover the original variables,

• Solving for x and y,

• Use the transformation , , , and

• Use the transformation and

• Recover the original variables,

 Test for Exactness:

• Test for exactness:

Since , then the differential equation is exact.

• Test for exactness:

Since , then the differential equation is exact.

3. Differentiate with respect to y (partial differentiation).

• Test for exactness:

the differential equation is exact.

• Differentiate with respect to y:

• Completing the solution,

• Differentiate with respect to x:

• Completing the solution,

The solution using both method is the same.

• Test for exactness:

the differential equation is exact.

• Differentiate with respect to y:

• Completing the solution,

Try the second method to check the answer.

2. If ; a function of y alone, use .

4. Apply procedure for exact differential equation.

• Test for exactness:

• Multiplying the integrating factor to the original equation,

• Test for exactness: