LAW ENFORCEMENT

ADMINISTRATION (LEA 1)
POLICE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION
By: Jhan Mark L. Zerna, Rcrim
The 5 pillars of Criminal Justice System (CJS)
• LAW ENFORCEMENT - is also known as the prime mover of the CJS
because it initiates the whole system through the arrest of an individual.
• PROSECUTION - Gather necessary evidence with the help of the law
enforcement. It determines the existence of prima facie case.
• COURT - known as the center or core of the CJS, it is also the arbiter of
justice, conducts hearing and render authoritative judgement.
• CORRECTION - reforms and rehabilitates the offenders. The weakest
pillar of CJS
• COMMUNITY- known as the widest pillar, the place where the criminal
comes from and where he will return
 ORIGIN OF THE WORD "POLICE"

• POLITEIA - a Greek word which means the government of the city.

• POLITIA - a Roman word which means Condition of the state or government.

• POLICE - a French word which was later adopted by the English language.
 THE EVOLUTION OF POLICING SYSTEM
1.THE ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD (ANCIENT ENGLAND)

A. TUN POLICING SYSTEM – forerunner of the word town.

- Under this system, all male residents are required to guard the town(tun) to preserve the peace,
maintain order, and protect life and property from harm and disturbance.
•Tithing = 10 families
•Tithingman - leader of a tithing

• Reeve - leader of 10 Tithing

B. HUE AND CRY - A village law stated in Britain which provided methods of apprehending criminal
by an act of the complainant to shout to call all male residents to assemble and arrest the suspect.
C. TRIAL BY ORDEAL

- a judicial practice wherein the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting him to

unpleasant, usually dangerous experience.

• Ordeal - from medieval Latin word "Dei Indicum" which means "a miraculous decision".

2. NORMAL PERIOD POLICING SYSTEM

•A. SHIRE-RIEVE - said to be the origin of the word sheriff.

• - a policing system during normal period when England was divided into fifty-five (55) military
areas called SHIRES, each headed by a ruler called RIEVE. The SHIRE-RIEVE had absolute
powers that no one could questions his or her actions.
•Two (2) CONSTABULI were appointed to each village to aid the Rieve in his duties.
B. TRAVELLING JUDGE
•- a judge selected to hear cases which were formerly being judge by the shire-rieve and tasked to travel through and hear criminal

cases.

•This was the first instance of the division of the police and judicial power.

C. LEGES HENRICI PRIMI

•an act that was enacted during this period with the following features:

• Offenses were classified as against the king and individual.

• Policeman becomes public servant.

• The police and citizens have the broad power to arrest. Thus, introduced the system called citizen's arrest.

• Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law. A system which made inquisition onto the facts of the crime and

eliminate the anglo-saxon trial or trial by ordeal system.

D. MAGNA CARTA or "THE GREAT CHARTER"
•a law promulgated by King John of England upon the demand of the knights of the round table

forcing the king to sign the same with the following features:

•No free man shall be taken, imprisoned, banished or exiled, except by legal judgment of his peers.

•No person shall be tried for murder unless there is proof of the body of the victim.

E. FRANKPLEDGE SYSTEM
•a system of policing whereby a group of ten (10) neighboring male residents over twelve (12) years
of age were required to guard the town to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the

people.
3. WESTMINSTER PERIOD OF POLICING SYSTEM
•it is called by this name because the laws governing policing came out of the capital of England, which at the time was

Westminster.

A. STATUTE OF 1295
•the law that marks the beginning of the curfew hours, which demanded the closing of the gates of London during

sundown.

B. JUSTICE OF THE PEACE (about 1361)

•Three or Four men who were learned in the law of the land were given authority to pursue, arrest, chastise and imprison

violators of the law.

C. STAR CHAMBER COURT (1487)

•a special court designed to try offenders against the state. The room set-up is formed in a shape of star and judges were
given great powers such as the power to force testimony from a defendant leading to a great abuse of power or brutality on

the part of the judges.

4.THE MODERN POLICING SYSTEM
•In 1829, Sir Robert Peel introduced the Metropolitan Police Act which established a full-time, professional and centrally

organized police force for the greater London area.

• He is regarded as the Father of Modern Policing System.

PEELS CONCEPT OF POLICING

1. The police should be organized along military lines.

2. The police should be placed under screening and training.

3. The police should be hired on a probationary basis.

4. The Police should be deployed by time and by area.

5. Police Headquarters should be accessible to the people.

6. Police-Record keeping is essential.

•PRINCIPLES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ADVOCATED BY SIR ROBERT PEEL

1. Prevention of crime is the basic mission of the police.

2. Police must have the full respect of the citizenry.

3. A citizen’s respect for law develops his respect for the police.

4. Cooperation of the public decreases as the use of force increases.

5. Police must render impartial enforcement of the law.

6. Physical force is used only as a last resort.

7. The police are the public and the public are the police.

8. The police represent the law.

9. The absence of crime and disorder is the test of police efficiency

 ENGLAND
a. BOW STREET RUNNERS - a group of men organized to arrest offenders
-organized by Henry Fielding, a magistrate in London in 1749, the name was adopted from the name of the
Street where the office of Henry Fielding was located, when he retires as a magistrate, he was replaced by his
blind brother John Fielding
b. Metropolitan Police Act 1829
- the law that created the first modern Police force in London England called the "Metropolitan Police Service".

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

a. New York Police Department

- created in 1845, recognized as the first modern style Police Department in the US.
- considered as the largest Police Force in the world and a modeled after the Metropolitan Police Service in
England.
b. Boston Police Department

• - the oldest Police Department of the US, the first night watch was established in Boston on 1631

•- formally founded on May 1854

• August Vollmer - recognized as the Father of modern Law Enforcement for his contributions of
the field of CJS in the US.
 EVOLUTION OF THE PHILIPPINE POLICING SYSTEM

1. SPANISH PERIOD

a. Carabineros - organized on 1712 for the purpose of carrying the regulations of the

Department of State. They were armed and considered as the mounted police.

b. Guardrillos/Cuadrillo - rural police organized in each town and established by the

Royal Decree on January 18, 1836.

-this decree provided that 5% of the able-bodied male inhabitants of each province were to

be enlisted in police organization for 3 years.

c. Guardia civil - created by a Royal Decree issued by the Crown on February 12, 1852, to

partially relieve the Spanish Peninsular troops of their work in policing towns.
2. AMERICAN PERIOD
•The Americans established the United States Philippine commission headed by General Howard

Taft as its first governor-general.

•January 9, 1901, Metropolitan Police Force of Manila was organized pursuant to Act no. 70 of the

Taft Commission.
A. Organic act no. 175 - Vice Governor Luke E Wright proposed the passage of this act which
recommended the Creation of an insular force.

• on August 8, 1901, the Insular Constabulary (IC) was established.

B. Act no. 183 - created the Manila Police Department, enacted on July 31, 1901.
C. Capt. George Curry - the first chief of Police of the Manila Police Department
in 1901.
D. Act no. 255 - this act renamed the Insular Constabulary (IC) into Philippine
Constabulary (PC) enacted on October 3, 1901.
E. Brig. Gen Henry T. Allen - was the first chief of the Philippine Constabulary
(PC)
• Brig Gen Rafael T. Crame- was the first Filipino chief of the Philippine
Constabulary (PC)
•3. POST AMERICAN PERIOD

• R.A 4864 - otherwise known as the Police Professionalization Act of 1966 which was enacted on
September 8, 1966.
- created the Police Commission (POLCOM) that was renamed into National Police Commission
(NAPOLCOM)
4. MARTIAL LAW PERIOD
PD 765 - otherwise known as the Integration Act of 1975, enacted on August 8, 1975.
- it established the Integrated National Police (INP)
- the authority of the NAPOLCOM over the INP was transferred to the office of the President and
later to the Ministry of National Defense.
5. POST MARTIAL LAW REGIME
a. Executive order No. 1012 - transferred to the city and municipal government
the operational supervision and direction over all INP units assigned within their
locality. July 10, 1985
b. Executive Order No. 1040 - transferred the administrative control and
supervision of the INP from the Ministry of National Defense to the NAPOLCOM.
c. R.A 157 - created the national Bureau of Investigation (NBI) on June 19, 1947,
and later reorganized by R.A 2678.
d. R.A 6975 - known as the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG)
act of 1990, enacted on December 13, 1990. It reorganized the DILG and
established the PNP, BFP BJMP and the Philippine Public Safety College.
e. R.A no. 8551 - known as the PNP Reform Act and Reorganization Act of 1998
which was enacted on February 27, 1998, amending certain provisions of R.A 6975
and allowing the reorganization of the PNP to enable to cop up and effectively
perform its mandate "to enforce the law, prevent and control crimes, maintain public
peace and order and ensure public safety and internal security with the active
support of the community.
f. R.A 9708 - the law amending the provisions of R.A 6975 and R.A 8551 on the
minimum educational qualifications for appointment to the PNP and adjusting the
promotion system. Took effect on August 12, 2009
 IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES IN THE EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE POLICING

Brig. Gen. Rafael Crame - the first Filipino Chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1917.

Col. Antonio Torres - the first Filipino Chief of Police of the Manila Police Department in 1935.

Col. Lambert Javalera - the first chief of police of the Manila Police Department after the
Philippine Independence from the United States of America in 1946.

Dir. Gen. Cesar Nazareno - the first chief of the Philippine National Police.
 THE POLICE ORGANIZATION
The organization guides members in its operation of the assigned duties. It enhances better
administration of the department. Good organization and administration would eventually mean
effective and efficient police work. Organization can also be distinguished by their degree of
formality and structure:

1. FORMAL ORGANIZATION-is defined as those organizations that are formally established for
explicit purpose of achieving certain goals. (Stable social institutions.)
2. INFORMAL ORGANIZATION- are those sharing the basic characteristic of all organizations
arise through the social interactions of individuals or through family grouping.
 What is ORGANIZATION?

 It is a form of human association for the attainment of goal or objective.

 It is the process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed, defining
and delegating responsibility and authority establishing relationships for the
propose of enabling people work effectively.
 THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE

1. HOME RULE THEORY

- policemen are regarded as servants of the community, who rely for the
efficiency of their functions upon the express needs of the people.
- Policemen are civil servants whose key duty is the preservation of public peace
and security.

2. CONTINENTAL THEORY
- policemen are regarded as state or servants of the higher authorities
- the people have no share or have neither little participation with the duties nor
connection with the police organization.
 CONCEPTS OF POLICE SERVICE

1. OLD CONCEPT
- police service gives the impression of being merely a suppressive machinery
- this philosophy advocates that the measurement of police competence is the increasing
number of arrests, throwing offenders in detention facilities rather than trying to prevent
them from committing crimes.

2. MODERN CONCEPT
- regards police as the first line of defense of the criminal justice system, an organ of
crime prevention
- police efficiency is measured by the decreasing number of crimes
- broadens police activities to cater to social services and has for its mission the welfare of
the individual as well as that of the community in general.
ORGANIZATIONAL UNITS IN THE POLICE ORGANIZATION
1. Functional Unit
Bureau - the largest organic functional unit within a large department; comprised of
several divisions.

Division - a primary subdivision of a bureau.

Section - functional unit within a division that is necessary for specialization.

Unit - functional group within a section or the smallest functional group within an
organization.
2. Territorial Units

Post - a fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for duty.

Route - a length of streets designated for patrol purpose, also called line beat.

Beat - an area designed for patrol purposes whether foot or motorized.

Sector - an area containing two or more beat, route or post.

District - a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes, usually with its
own station.

Area - a section or territorial division of a large city each comprised of designated

districts.
 FUNCTIONS IN A POLICE ORGANIZATION
1. PRIMARY OR LINE FUNCTIONS
- functions that carry out the major purposes of the organization, delivering the services
and dealing directly with the public
- the backbone of the police department
- examples of the line functions of the police are patrolling, traffic duties, crime
investigation
2. STAFF/ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS
- functions that are designed to support the line functions and assist in the performance of
the line functions
- examples of the staff functions of the police are planning, research, budgeting and legal
advice.
3. AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS
- functions involving the logistical operations of the organization.
- examples are training, communication, maintenance, records management, supplies and
equipment management
 ORGANIC UNITS IN A POLICE ORGANIZATION

1. OPERATIONAL UNITS
- those that perform primary or line functions
- examples are patrol, traffic, investigation and vice control.

2. ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS
- those that perform the administrative functions examples are personnel, finance,
planning and training.

3. SERVICE UNITS
- those that perform auxiliary functions
- examples are communication, records management, supplies.
 What is ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE?

- the systematic arrangement of the relationship of the members,

positions, departments and functions or work of the organization.

- it is comprised of functions, relationships, responsibilities and

authorities of individuals within
the organization.
 KINDS OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES
1. LINE
- the oldest and simplest kind; also called military
- defined by its clear chain of command from the highest to the lowest and vice versa
- depicts the line functions of the organization
- orders or commands must come from the higher level of authority before it can be carried out
- involves few departments.
2. FUNCTIONAL
- structure according to functions and specialized units
- depicts staff functions of the organization
- responsibilities are divided among authorities who are all accountable to the authority above.
3. LINE AND STAFF
- a combination of the line and functional kind
- combines the flow of information from the line structure with the staff departments that
service,
advise, and support them
- generally, more formal in nature and has many departments
 ORGANIZATIONAL PRINCIPLES:
FOUR PRIMAL CONDITIONS OF AN ORGANIZATION

1. AUTHORITY
- the supreme source of government for any organization
- the right to exercise, to decide and to command by virtue of rank and position

2. MUTUAL COOPERATION
- an organization exists because it serves a purpose.

3. DOCTRINE
- provides for the organization’s objectives
- provides the various actions, hence, policies, procedures, rules and regulations of the org. are
based on the statement of doctrines

4. DISCIPLINE
- comprising behavioral regulations
 PRINCIPLES OF POLICE ORGANIZATION
1. UNITY OF COMMAND
- dictates that there should only be ONE MAN commanding the unit to ensure uniformity in
the execution of orders

2. SPAN OF CONTROL
- the maximum number of subordinates that a superior can effectively supervise

Factors affecting the span of control:

a) Leadership qualities of the supervisors
b) Nature of the job and work conditions
c) Complexity of task
d) Education and skill of the employees

3. DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY
- conferring of an amount of authority by a superior position to a lower-level position.
4. HIERARCHY OF AUTHORITY
- the relationship between superiors and subordinates
- serves as the framework for the flow of authority downward and obedience upward
through the department

HIERARCHY - represents the formal relationship among superiors and subordinates in

any given organization

5. SPECIALIZATION
- the assignment of personnel to a task

*SPECIALIZATION OF JOBS (AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION)

- the designation of certain activities or tasks as ones that must be performed in a highly.
technological, scientific or precise manner
- areas of police specialization include undercover works, crime scene operations, legal
advising, computer work, SWAT operations and others.
*SPECIALIZATION OF PEOPLE (SPECIALISTS)
- the designation of persons as having expertise in a specific area of work
- signifies the adaptation of an individual to the requirements through extensive
training.

6. CHAIN OF COMMAND
- the arrangement of officers from top to bottom based on rank or position and
authority.

7. COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY
- dictates that immediate commanders shall be responsible for the effective
supervision and control.