PRESENTATION ON LEVER

AND CANTILEVER

SUBMITTED TO : SUBMITTED BY :
BRIGADIER DEEPAK MANAN SHRIVASTAVA
RAMPAL SIR
 CONTENTS
• Introduction to levers
• Uses and application of lever in various places
• Introduction to cantilever
• Uses of cantilever and application of cantilever in various fields
 INTRODUCTION TO LEVERS
• A lever is a simple machine consisting of a beam or rigid rod pivoted at a fixed hinge, or fulcrum, used to
transfer a force to a load and usually to provide a mechanical advantage. A lever is a rigid body capable
of rotating on a point on itself. Based on the locations of fulcrum, load, and effort, the lever is divided
into three types.
• A lever is a beam connected to ground by a hinge, or pivot, called a fulcrum. The ideal lever does not
dissipate or store energy, which means there is no friction in the hinge or bending in the beam. In this
case, the power into the lever equals the power out, and the ratio of output to input force is given by
the ratio of the distances from the fulcrum to the points of application of these forces.
 USES OF LEVER
• There are three types of levers: first-class, second-class, and third-class. The difference between the three
classes depends on where the force is, where the fulcrum is, and where the load is.
• First Class Lever : in a first-class lever, the effort (force) moves over a large distance to move the load a
smaller distance, and the fulcrum is between the effort (force) and the load. As the ratio of effort (force)
arm length to load arm length increases the mechanical advantage of a first-class lever increases.
• Second Class Lever : In second-class levers, the load is between the effort (force) and the fulcrum. A
common example is a wheelbarrow where the effort moves a large distance to lift a heavy load, with
the axle and wheel as the fulcrum.
• In a second-class lever, the effort moves over a large distance to raise the load a small distance. As the ratio
of effort (force) arm length to load arm length increases, the mechanical advantage of a second-class lever
increases.
• Third Class Lever : With third-class levers, the effort is between the load and the fulcrum, for example
in barbecue tongs. Other examples of third-class levers are a broom, a fishing rod, and a woomera.
• In a third-class lever, the load moves further than the effort (force) and the mechanical advantage is
low, which is why it’s difficult to apply great force to the load. This can be an advantage by not
squashing sausages on the barbecue!
• Examples of levers in everyday life include teeter-totters, wheelbarrows, scissors, pliers, bottle
openers, mops, brooms, shovels, nutcrackers, and sports equipment like baseball bats, golf clubs, and
hockey sticks. Even our arm can act as a lever.
 INTRODUCTION TO CANTILEVERS
• A cantilever is a rigid structural element that extends horizontally and is unsupported at one end.
Typically it extends from a flat vertical surface such as a wall, to which it must be firmly attached. Like
other structural elements, a cantilever can be formed as a beam, plate, truss, or slab.
• When subjected to a structural load at its far, unsupported end, the cantilever carries the load to the
support where it applies a shear stress and a bending moment.
• Cantilever construction allows overhanging structures without additional support . The purpose of a
cantilever is to extend out past into the open space away from a support. There might be a number of
reasons to want to do this. Bridges, street lights, street signs, and balconies are all cantilevers that serve a
particular purpose.
 USES OF CANTILEVER
• The cantilever beam is used in;
1. In Buildings.
2. Cantilever bridges.
3. Overhanging roofs like shelters and stadium roofs.
4. Shelving and Furniture.
• In building constructions, there are various applications of the cantilevered beam such as cantilevers
carrying a gallery, roof, runway for an overhead travelling crane, or part of a building above and also
used in various structures such as sun shed, shelves, large halls, exhibition buildings, and armories.
• For large spans in specific sites, the cantilever construction is employed especially for heavy loading in
bridge building .

• Real life applications of cantilever beams can be exemplified by stadium , porches , gas station canopies.
Cantilever beams are also used in bridges where large spans and heavy loads are involved .