The Internet Of Things

Ms. Smita Rani Biswal

CSE Department
Syllabus
Unit 1: (8Hrs)
 U1.1: Introduction to Internet of Things, definition:
 characteristics & History. Architecture: M2M – Machine to Machine, Web of Things
Physical Design of IoT- Things in IoT, Logical Design of IoT- IoT Functional Blocks,
IoT Enabling Technologies- Wireless Sensor Networks, Cloud Computing, Big Data
Analytics, Communication Protocols, Embedded Systems, IoT Levels & Deployment
Templates, of IoT supported Hardware platforms such as: Raspberry pi.

Unit 2: (8 Hrs)
 U2.1: IoT in Monitoring and Control Applications :
 Few case studies on Structural Health Monitoring, Surveillance, Emergency
Response, Environment-Weather Monitoring, Air Pollution Monitoring, Air Quality
Monitoring Noise Pollution Monitoring, Forest Fire Detection , River Floods
Detection, Home Automation.

Unit 3: (8 Hrs)
 U3.1: IoT Communication Models, IoT Communication APIsIot protocols and
Applications:
 Remote Monitoring & Sensing, Remote Controlling, Performance Analysis The
Architecture The Layering concepts , IoT Communication Pattern, IoT protocol
Architecture, The 6LoWPAN Security aspects in IoT. Zigbee/IEEE.
Syllabus
Unit 4:
(6 Hrs)
 U4.1: IoT Application Development:
 Application Protocols MQTT, REST/HTTP, CoAP, MySQL Back-end
Application Designing Apache for handling HTTP Requests, PHP &
MySQL for data processing, MongoDB Object type Database,
Application Development for mobile Platforms: Overview of
Android / IOS App Development tools
Unit 5: (6 Hrs)
 U5.1: IoT Platforms Design Methodology:
 IoT Design Methodology-Purpose & Requirements
Specification ,Process Specification, Domain Model Specification,
Information Model Specification , Service Specifications , IoT Level
Specification, Functional View Specification , Operational View
Specification , Device & Component Integration , Use of Big Data
and Visualization in IoT, Industry 4.0 concepts.
According to the Word Economic Forum ” We stand on the brink of a
technological revolution that will fundamentally alter the way we live,
work, and relate to one another. In its scale, scope, and complexity, the
transformation will be unlike anything humankind has experienced
before”
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS

1st 2nd 3rd 4th

1760s 1870s 1960s NOW
 Technologies Driving

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Biotechnology

Robotics
Data Analytics
Virtual reality
Quantum computations
Blockchain

Internet of Things (IoT)

CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY

What is Internet of Things?
Definition

The term IoT, or Internet of Things, refers to the

collective network of connected devices and the
technology that facilitates communication between
devices and the cloud, as well as between the devices
themselves.
How Does This Impact You?
How Does This Impact You?
HAPI fork
 The HAPIfork is a n electronic fork t ha t helps you monitor
a n d track your eating habits.
 It also alerts you with the help of indicator lights a n d
gentle vibrations when you are eating too fast.
S m a r t To o t h B r u s h
 The Beam Brush is a connected toothbrush that engages
users with their daily hygiene routine
IoT examples in the commercial, industrial,
government and medical realms:
• Monitoring of tank levels in industrial and agricultural applications
• Automating processes in industrial operations for safety, efficiency and cost
savings
• Detection of gas leaks in oil and gas operations
• Tracking the location of goods in transit
• Monitoring the temperatures of perishable goods in trucking and refrigeration
• Managing processes and payments in electric vehicle charging stations and
parking meters
• Patient monitoring in medical clinics, as well as automating infusions and
other medical processes
Benefit of IOT

 Efficient resource utilization

 Saves time
 Human efforts and errors
 Security
IoT − Advantages

• Reduced Waste – IoT makes

areas of improvement clear.
Current analytics give us
superficial insight, but IoT
provides real-world
information leading to more
effective management of
resources.

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IoT − Advantages

• Enhanced Data Collection –

Modern data collection
suffers from its limitations
and its design for passive use.
IoT breaks it out of those
spaces, and places it exactly
where humans really want to
go to analyze our world. It
allows an accurate picture of
everything.

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IoT −
Disadvantages
• Security – IoT creates an
ecosystem of constantly
connected devices
communicating over
networks. The system
offers little control despite
any security measures. This
leaves users exposed to
various kinds of attackers.

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IoT −
Disadvantages
• Privacy – The
sophistication of IoT
provides substantial
personal data in
extreme detail without
the user's active
participation.

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IoT −
Disadvantages
• Complexity – Some find
IoT systems complicated
in terms of design,
deployment, and
maintenance given their
use of multiple
technologies and a large
set of new enabling
technologies.

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IoT −
Disadvantages
• Compliance – IoT, like any
other technology in the realm
of business, must comply
with regulations. Its
complexity makes the issue
of compliance seem
incredibly challenging when
many consider standard
software compliance a battle.

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Securing IoT
Devices
Authentication – IoT devices
connecting to the network create a trust
relationship, based on validated identity
through mechanisms such as:
passwords, tokens, biometrics, RFID,
X.509 digital certificate, shared secret,
or endpoint MAC address.
Authorization – a trust relationship is
established based on authentication and
authorisation of a device that determines
what information can be accessed and
shared.
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Network Enforced Policy – controls all
elements that route and transport
endpoint traffic securely over the
network through established security
protocols.
Secure Analytics: Visibility and
Control – provides reconnaissance,
threat detection, and threat
mitigation for all elements that
aggregate and correlate information.
Major Characteristics of IOT (Internet of Things)

• Intelligence
• Identity
• Connectivity
• Dynamic Nature
• Architecture
• Enormous Scale
• Sensing
• Heterogeneity
• Security
1. Intelligence

 IoT is intelligent because it combines algorithms and processing, software and

hardware.
 Ambient intelligence improves the capabilities of IoT devices, allowing them to
respond intelligently to a situation and assist them in completing specified tasks.
2. Identity

 Giving the device an identity is an essential component of loT.

 Identity allows us to distinguish between multiple internet devices and select the device
to which we want to transmit the command.
 Depending on the type of data produced, each device requires a particular level of
control.
3. Connectivity

 By connecting everyday devices, connectivity enables the Internet of Things.

 Because simple object-level interactions contribute to collective intelligence in an IoT
network, connectivity of these things is critical.
 It allows for network connectivity and device interoperability.
 The networking of intelligent devices and apps can provide new commercial prospects
for the Internet of Things with this connectivity.
4. Dynamic Nature

 The primary function of the Internet of Things is to gather data from its surroundings.
 The data is accomplished through the dynamic changes around the devices.
 The condition of these devices changes dynamically, such as sleeping and waking up,
being connected or disconnected, and the context of devices, such as temperature,
location, and speed.
5. Architecture

 IoT architecture should be hybrid, allowing for multiple manufacturers to participate.

 As a result, nature cannot be homogeneous. There is no engineering branch called IoT.
When several domains join together, IoT emerges.
6. Enormous Scale

 The number of devices that must be managed and communicated with one another will
be far more than the number of devices currently linked to the Internet.
 The management and analysis of data provided by these devices for application
purposes have become increasingly important.
7. Sensing

 Sensors that detect or measure changes in the environment to generate data that can
report on their condition or even interact with the environment are essential to the
Internet of Things.
 Sensing technologies enable the development of capabilities that reflect a proper
understanding of the physical environment and its inhabitants.
 Although sensing data is analog input from the physical world, it can provide a deep
insight into our complicated reality.
8. Heterogeneity

 One of the significant aspects of the Internet of Things is heterogeneity.

 Devices in the Internet of Things are based on many hardware platforms and networks,
and they can communicate with other devices or service platforms over various
networks.
9. Security

 IoT devices are inherently vulnerable to cyber-attacks.

 It is a mistake to overlook security problems while gaining efficiencies, innovative
experiences, and other benefits from the Internet of Things.
 IoT has a high level of transparency and privacy concerns. Securing endpoints,
networks,
10. Self Improvement

 IoT upgrades itself without assistance from humans thanks to its artificial intelligence.
 Regular software updates are crucial; therefore, the feature of self-improvement or
upgradation is very important.
 Also, the technology can immediately begin operating if the setup is already complete.
11. Data Driven

 IoT devices and systems gather massive volumes of data from sensors and other
sources, which can then be analyzed and used to drive decision-making.
12. Context Awareness

 An important aspect of the Internet of Things (IoT) is its context-awareness nature.

 It is the ability to comprehend and react to the environment and context in which they
are functioning is referred to as context awareness.
 Any information that is pertinent to a certain entity, such as a person, a device, or an
application, is included in the context.
Physical Design of IoT

 The "Things" in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have unique identities
and can perform remote sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities.
 IoT devices can:
 Exchange data with other connected devices and applications (directly or
indirectly), or
 Collect data from other devices and process the data locally or
 Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based application back-ends for
processing the data, or
 Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT infrastructure,
based on temporal and space constraints
Generic block diagram of an IoT Device

 An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for connections to other

devices, both wired and wireless.

 • I/O interfaces for sensors

 • Interfaces for Internet connectivity
 • Memory and storage interfaces
 • Audio/video interfaces.
Generic block diagram of an IoT Device
Sensors:

• These form the front end of the IoT devices. These are the so-called
“Things” of the system. Their main purpose is to collect data from its
surroundings (sensors) or give out data to its surrounding (actuators).
• These have to be uniquely identifiable devices with a unique IP address so
that they can be easily identifiable over a large network.
• These have to be active in nature which means that they should be able to
collect real-time data. These can either work on their own (autonomous in
nature) or can be made to work by the user depending on their needs(user-
controlled).
• Examples of sensors are gas sensors, water quality sensors, moisture
sensors, etc.
Processors:

• Processors are the brain of the IoT system. Their main function is to
process the data captured by the sensors and process them so as to extract
valuable data from the enormous amount of raw data collected. In a word,
we can say that it gives intelligence to the data.
• Processors mostly work on a real-time basis and can be easily controlled by
applications. These are also responsible for securing the data – that is
performing encryption and decryption of data.
• Embedded hardware devices, microcontrollers, etc are the ones that
process the data because they have processors attached to it.
Gateways:

• Gateways are responsible for routing the processed data and send them to
proper locations for its (data) proper utilization.
• In other words, we can say that gateway helps in and for communication of
the data. It provides network connectivity to the data.Network connectivity
is essential for any IoT system to communicate.
• LAN, WAN, PAN, etc are examples of network gateways.
Applications:

• Applications form another end of an IoT system. Applications are essential

for the proper utilization of all the data collected.
• These cloud-based applications that are responsible for rendering the
effective meaning to the data collected. Applications are controlled by users
and are a delivery point of particular services.
• Examples of applications are home automation apps, security systems,
industrial control hubs, etc.
IoT Protocols
Logical Design of IoT

 Logical design of an IoT system refers to an abstract representation of the

entities and processes without going into the low-level specifics of the
implementation.

 An IoT system comprises of a number of functional blocks that provide the

system the capabilities for identification, sensing, actuation, communication,
and management.
 IoT logical design includes:
Logical Design of IoT
 The logical design of IoT is composed of:
1. IoT functional blocks
2. IoT communications models
3. IoT communication APIs
1. IoT functional blocks

 The functional blocks of IoT systems provide sensing, identification, actuation,

management, and communication capabilities to the IoT ecosystem.
 The devices of the functional blocks handle the communication between the server and
the host.
 This enables monitoring of control functions, managing the data transfer, securing the
IoT system using authentication, and providing an interface for controlling and
monitoring various functions.
 It is the most crucial part of the logical and physical designs of IoT.
Communication Models in IoT
(Internet of Things )

 IoT devices are found everywhere and will enable circulatory intelligence in the future.
 For operational perception, it is important and useful to understand how various IoT
devices communicate with each other.
 Communication models used in IoT have great value.
 The IoTs allow people and things to be connected any time, any space, with anything
and anyone, using any network and any service.
Types of Communication Model :

 1. Request & Response Model

 2. Publisher-Subscriber Model
 3. Push-Pull Model
 4. Exclusive Pair
Request-Response communication model

 Request-Response is a communication model in which the client sends

requests to the server and the server responds to the requests.

 When the server receives a request, it decides how to respond, fetches the
data, retrieves resource representations, prepares the response, and then
sends the response to the client.
Publish-Subscribe communication model

 Publish-Subscribe is a communication model that involves publishers, brokers

and consumers.

 Publishers are the source of data. Publishers send the data to the topics
which are managed by the broker. Publishers are not aware of the consumers.

 Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker.

 When the broker receives data for a topic from the publisher, it sends the
data to all the subscribed consumers.
Push-Pull communication model

 Push-Pull is a communication model in which the data producers push the

data to queues and the consumers pull the data from the queues.
 Producers do not need to be aware of the consumers.
 Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the producers and
consumers.
 Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations when there is a
mismatch between the rate at which the producers push data and the rate
rate at which the consumers pull data.
Exclusive Pair communication model

 Exclusive Pair is a bidirectional, fully duplex communication model that uses a

persistent connection between the client and server.

 Once the connection is setup it remains open until the client sends a request
to close the connection.
 Client and server can send messages to each other after connection setup.
IoT communication APIs

 REST-based Communication APIs

 WebSocket based communication API
REST-based CommunicationAPIs

 Representational State Transfer (REST) is a set of architectural principles by

which you can design web services and web APIs that focus on a system’s
resources and how resource states are addressed and transferred.

 REST APIs follow the request- response communication model.

 The REST architectural constraints apply to the components, connectors, and

data elements, within a distributed hypermedia system
WebSocket-based Communication APIs

 WebSocket APIs allow bi- directional, full duplex communication between

clients and servers.

 WebSocket APIs follow the exclusive pair communication model

IoT Levels & Deployment Templates

 An IoT system comprises of the following components:

 Device: An IoT device allows identification, remote sensing, actuating an
remote monitoring capabilities. You learned about various examples of IoT
devices in section
 Resource: Resources are software components on the IoT device for accessing,
processing, and storing sensor information, or controlling actuators connected
to the device. Resources also include the software components that enable
network access for the device.
 Controller Service: Controller service is a native service that runs on the
device and interacts with the web services. Controller services ends data
from the device to the web service and receives commands from the
application (via web services) for controlling the device.
IoT Levels & Deployment Templates

 Database: Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores the data
generated by the IoT device.
 Web Service: Web services serve as a link between the IoT device,
application, database and analysis components. Web service can be either
implemented using HTTP and REST principles (REST service) or using
WebSocket protocol (WebSocket service).
 Analysis Component: The Analysis Component is responsible for analyzing the
IoT data and generate results in a form which are easy for the user to
understand.
 Application: IoT applications provide an interface that the users can use to
control and monitor various aspects of the IoT system. Applications also allow
users to view the system status and view the processed data.
IoT Levels

 A level-1 IoT system has a single node/device that performs sensing and/or
actuation, stores data, performs analysis and hosts the application

 Level-1 IoT systems are suitable for modeling low- cost and low-complexity
solutions where the data involved is not big and the analysis requirements are
not computationally intensive.

 Example: IoT device that monitors the lights in a house.

IOT Level-1
IoT Level-2

 A level-2 IoT system has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuation
and local analysis.
 Data is stored in the cloud and application is usually cloud- based.
 Level-2 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where the data involved is big,
however, the primary analysis requirement is not computationally intensive
and can be done locally itself.
 Example: Cloud-based application is used for monitoring and controlling the
IoT system. A single node monitors the soil moisture in the field Which is sent
to the database on the cloud using REST APIS. The controller service
continuously monitors moisture levels.

IOT level-2
IoT level 3

 A level-3 IoT system has a single node. Data is stored and analyzed in the
cloud and application is cloud- based.
 Level-3 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where the data involved is big
and the analysis requirements are computationally intensive.
 Example: A node is monitoring a package using devices like an accelerometer
and gyroscope. These devices track vibration levels. controller service sends
sensor data to the cloud in the rear time using WebSocket APL. Data is stored
in the cloud and visualized using a cloud-based application. The analysis
component triggers an alert if vibration levels cross a threshold.
IOT Level-3
IoT Level-4

 A level-4 IoT system has multiple nodes that perform local analysis. Data is
stored in the cloud and application is cloud-based.
 Level-4 contains local and cloud- based observer nodes which can subscribe to
and receive information collected in the cloud from IoT devices.
 Level-4 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where multiple nodes are
required, the data involved is big and the analysis requirements are
computationally intensive.
 Example: Analysis is done on the cloud and the entire IoT system has
monitored the cloud using an application. Noise monitoring of an area
requires various nodes to function independently of each other. Each has its
own controller service. Data is stored in a cloud database.
IOT Level-4
IoT Level-5

 A level-5 IoT system has multiple end nodes and one coordinator node. • The
end nodes that perform sensing and/or actuation.
 Coordinator node collects data from the end nodes and sends to the cloud.
 Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud and application is cloud-based.
 Level-5 IoT systems are suitable for solutions based on wireless sensor
networks, in which the data involved is big and the analysis requirements are
computationally intensive.
 Example: A monitoring system has various components: end nodes collect
various data from the environment and send it to the coordinator node. The
coordinator node acts as a gateway and allows the data to be transferred to
cloud storage using REST API. The controller service on the coordinator node
sends data to the cloud.
IOT Level-5
IoT Level 6

 A level-6 IoT system has multiple independent end nodes that perform sensing
and/or actuation and send data to the cloud.
 Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud-based.
 The analytics component analyzes the data and stores the results in the cloud
database.
 The results are visualized with the cloud-based application.
 The centralized controller is aware of the status of all the end nodes and
sends control commands to the nodes.
IOT Level-6
IoT Enabling Technologies

 IoT is enabled by several technologies including Wireless Sensor Networks,

Cloud Computing, Big Data Analytics, Embedded Systems, Security Protocols
and architectures, Communication Protocols, Web Services, Mobile internet
and semantic search engines.
WSN

 1) Wireless Sensor Network(WSN): Comprises of distributed devices with sensors

which are used to monitor the environmental and physical conditions.
 Zig Bee is one of the most popular wireless technologies used by WSNs.
 WSNs used in IoT systems are described as follows:
  Weather Monitoring System: in which nodes collect temp, humidity and other
data, which is aggregated and analyzed.
  Indoor air quality monitoring systems: to collect data on the indoor air quality
and concentration of various gases.
  Soil Moisture Monitoring Systems: to monitor soil moisture at various locations.
  Surveillance Systems: use WSNs for collecting surveillance data(motion data
detection).  Smart Grids : use WSNs for monitoring grids at various points.
 Structural Health Monitoring Systems: Use WSNs to monitor the health of
structures(building, bridges) by collecting vibrations from sensor nodes
deployed at various points in the structure.
Cloud Computing

 2) Cloud Computing: Services are offered to users in different forms.

  Infrastructure-as-a-service(IaaS):provides users the ability to provision
computing and storage resources. These resources are provided to the users
as a virtual machine instances and virtual storage.
  Platform-as-a-Service(PaaS): provides users the ability to develop and
deploy application in cloud using the development tools, APIs, software
libraries and services provided by the cloud service provider.
  Software-as-a-Service(SaaS): provides the user a complete software
application or the user interface to the application itself.
Big Data Analytics

 3) Big Data Analytics: Some examples of big data generated by IoT are 
Sensor data generated by IoT systems.
  Machine sensor data collected from sensors established in industrial and
energy systems.
  Health and fitness data generated IoT devices.
  Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking vehicles.
  Data generated by retail inventory monitoring systems.
Communication Protocols

 4) Communication Protocols: form the back-bone of IoT systems and enable

network connectivity and coupling to applications.
  Allow devices to exchange data over network.
  Define the exchange formats, data encoding addressing schemes for device
and routing of packets from source to destination.
  It includes sequence control, flow control and retransmission of lost
packets.
Embedded Systems

 5) Embedded Systems: is a computer system that has computer hardware and

software embedded to perform specific tasks. Embedded System range from
low cost miniaturized devices such as digital watches to devices such as
digital cameras, POS terminals, vending machines, appliances etc.
UNIT 2

Domain Specific IoTs

Outline
 • Introduction
 • Home Automation
 • Cities
 • Environment
 • Energy
 • Retail
 • Logistics
 • Agriculture
 • Industry
 • Health & Lifestyle
Introduction – Applications of IoT
Home Automation
Smart Lighting
It helps in saving energy by adapting the lighting to the ambient
conditions and switching on/off or diming the light when needed. Key
enabling technologies for smart lighting include solid state lighting(such
as LEDs and IP enabled lights.
 Smart lightning solutions for home achieve energy savings by
sensing the human movements and their environments and controlling
the lights accordingly.
Wireless enabled and Internet connected lights can be controlled
remotely from IoT applications such as mobile or web applications

Smart Appliances
Make the management easier and also provide status information to the users
remotely.

Intrusion Detection
It use security cameras and sensors(PIR sensors and door sensors) to detect
intrusion and raise alerts. Alerts can be in the form of SMS or email sent to the
user.
Smoke/ Gas Detectors
Smoke detectors are installed in homes and buildings to detect smoke that is
typically an early sign of fire. Alerts raised by smoke detectors can be in the form of
signals to a fire alarm system.
Gas detectors can detect the presence of harmful gases such as CO, LPG etc., Smoke
detector detects the smoke in the home and it sends signal to the control unit that displays
the smoke unit in display section and temperature sensor mentioned above gives the
temperature of the room and signals are send through IoT to main controller just to
control some activities of room.
Home Automation (2/2)

• Smart Lighting
• Control lighting by remotely (mobile or web applications)
• Smart Appliances
• Provide status information to the users remotely
• Intrusion Detection
• Use security cameras and sensors (PIR sensors and door sensors)
• Detect intrusions and raise alerts
• The alerts form: an SMS or an email sent to the user
• Smoke/Gas Detectors
• Use optical detection, ionization, or air sampling techniques to detect the
smoke
• Gas detectors can detect harmful gases
• Carbon monoxide (CO)
• Liquid petroleum gas (LPG)
• Raise alerts to the user or local fire safety department
Cities
• Smart Parking
• Detect the number of empty parking slots
• Send the information over the internet and accessed by smartphones
• Smart Roads
• Provide information on driving conditions, traffic congestions, accidents
• Alert for poor driving conditions
• Structural Health Monitoring
• Monitor the vibration levels in the structures (bridges and buildings)
• Advance warning for imminent failure of the structure
• Surveillance
• Use the large number of distributed and internet connected video surveillance
cameras
• Aggregate the video in cloud-based scalable storage solutions
• Emergency Response
• Used for critical infrastructure monitoring
• Detect adverse events
 Smart Parking
To make the search for parking space easier and convenient for drivers.
Smart parking are powered by IoT systems that detect the no. of empty parking
slots and send information over internet to smart application backends. Smart
parking management system can be used to find the vacant location for a
vehicle at different public places.
Smart Parking’s In-Ground Vehicle Detection Sensors are core
technologies, playing a key part in the Smart Parking solution that is
revolutionizing how drivers in the malls and city centers can find an available
parking space.
Wireless sensors are embedded into parking spaces, transmitting data on
the timing and duration of the space used via local signal processors into a
central parking management application.
Smart Parking reduces congestion, decreases vehicle emissions, lowers
enforcement costs and cuts driver stress.
For effective deployment of smart parking technologies, each device
needs to have a reliable connectivity with the cloud servers
Smart Roads:
Equipped with sensors can provide information on driving condition, travel
time estimating and alert in case of poor driving conditions, traffic condition and
accidents.
 Such information can help in making the roads safer and help in reducing
traffic jams.
Information sensed from the roads can be communicated via Internet to
cloud applications and social media and disseminated to the drivers who
subscribe to such applications.
Structural Health Monitoring:
It uses a network of sensors to monitor the vibration levels in the
structures such as bridges and buildings. The data collected from these sensors
is analyzed to assess the health of the structures.
By analyzing the data it is possible to detect cracks and mechanical
breakdowns, locate the damages to a structure and also calculate the
remaining life of the structure.
 Using such systems, advance warnings can be given in the case of imminent
failure of the structure.
Surveillance

The video feeds from surveillance cameras can be aggregated in cloud

based scalable storage solution. The video feeds from surveillance cameras can
be aggregated in cloud-based scalable storage solutions.

Cloud-based video analytics applications can be developed to search for

patterns of specific events from the video feeds.
Emergency Response:

IoT systems for fire detection, gas and water leakage detection can help in
generating alerts and minimizing their effects on the critical infrastructures. IoT
systems can be used for monitoring the critical infrastructure cities such as
buildings, gas, and water pipelines, public transport and power substations.
IoT systems for critical infrastructure monitoring enable aggregation and
sharing of information collected from lager number of sensors.

Using cloud-based architectures, multi-modal information such as sensor data,

audio, video feeds can be analyzed in near real-time to detect adverse events.
 The alert can be in the form :
 Alerts sent to the public
 Re-rerouting of traffic
 Evacuations of the affected areas
Environment
Environment
• Weather Monitoring
• Collect data from several sensors (temperature, humidity, pressure, etc.)
• Send the data to cloud-based applications and storage back-ends
• Air Pollution Monitoring
• Monitor emission of harmful gases (CO2, CO, NO, NO2, etc.)
• Factories and automobiles use gaseous and meteorological sensors
• Integration with a single-chip microcontroller, several air pollution sensors, GPRS-modem, and a GPS module
• Noise Pollution Monitoring
• Use a number of noise monitoring stations
• Generate noise maps from data collected
• Forest Fire Detection
• Use a number of monitoring nodes deployed at different locations in a forests
• Use temperature, humidity, light levels, etc.
• Provide early warning of potential forest fire
• Estimates the scale and intensity
• River Floods Detection
• Monitoring the water level (using ultrasonic sensors) and flow rate (using the flow velocity sensors)
• Raise alerts when rapid increase in water level and flow rate is detected
Energy (1/2)
Energy (2/2)

• Smart Grids
• Collect data regarding electricity generation, consumption, storage
(conversion
of energy into other forms), distribution, equipment health data
• Control the consumption of electricity
• Remotely switch off supply
• Renewable Energy Systems
• Measure the electrical variables
• Measure how much the power is fed into the grid
• Prognostics
• Predict performance of machines or energy systems
• By collect and analyze the data from sensors
Retail (1/2)
Retail (2/2)

• Inventory Management
• Monitoring the inventory by the RFID readers
• Tracking the products
• Smart Payments
• Use the NFC
• Customers store the credit card information in their NFC-enabled
• Smart Vending Machines
• Allow remote monitoring of inventory levels
• Elastic pricing of products
• Contact-less payment using NFC
• Send the data to the cloud for predictive maintenance
• The information of inventory levels
• The information of the nearest machine in case a product goes out of stock in a machine
Logistics (1/2)
Logistics (2/2)
• Route Generation & Scheduling
• Generate end-to-end routes using combination of route patterns
• Provide route generation queries
• Can be scale up to serve a large transportation network
• Fleet Tracking
• Track the locations of the vehicles in real-time
• Generate alerts for deviations in planned routes
• Shipment monitoring
• Monitoring the conditions inside containers
• Using sensors (temperature, pressure, humidity)
• Detecting food spoilage
• Remote Vehicle Diagnostics
• Detect faults in the vehicle
• Warn of impending faults
• IoT collects the data on vehicle (speed, engine RPM, coolant temperature)
• Generate alerts and suggest remedial actions
Agriculture (1/2)
Agriculture (2/2)

• Smart Irrigation
• Use sensors to determine the amount of moisture in the soil
• Release the flow of water
• Using predefined moisture levels
• Water Scheduling
• Green House Control
• Automatically control the climatological conditions inside a green
house
• Using several sensors to monitor
• Using actuation devices to control
• Valves for releasing water and switches for controlling fans
• Maintenance of agricultural production
Industry (1/2)
Industry (2/2)

• Machine Diagnosis
• Sensors in machine monitor the operating conditions
• For example: temperature & vibration levels
• Collecting and analyzing massive scale machine sensor data
• For reliability analysis and fault prediction in machines
• Indoor Air Quality Monitoring
• Use various gas sensors
• To monitor the harmful and toxic gases (CO, NO, NO2, etc.)
• Measure the environmental parameters to determine the indoor air quality
• Temperature, humidity, gaseous pollutants, aerosol
Air and Sound Pollution Monitoring System
 An IoT-based air and sound pollution monitoring system is implemented using
a network of sensors, connectivity technologies, and data analytics platforms.
 Air quality sensors are deployed in strategic locations to measure pollutant
levels such as particulate matter, gases, and volatile organic compounds
(VOCs).
 Sound sensors capture noise levels and patterns in the environment.
 These sensors are connected to a central data management system through
wireless or wired communication protocols.
 The collected data is then processed and analyzed in real-time, leveraging
cloud-based analytics platforms.
 Users can access the monitoring system through web or mobile applications,
which provide visualizations, alerts, and historical data.
Health & Lifestyle

• Health & Fitness Monitoring

• Collect the health-care data
• Using some sensors: body temperature, heart rate, movement (with accelerometers),
etc.
• Various forms : belts and wrist-bands
• Wearable electronic
• Assists the daily activities
• Smart watch
• Smart shoes
• Smart wristbands
Thank You