Q uantitative

Data Analysis
How to visualize numerical data?

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 Goals for today
• Learning how to analyze the numerical data
• Learning how to organize cross-tabulation
according to APA style
• Creating a histogram or other types of graph by
looking at a data set
• Know the difference between mean, median, mode
and range
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Discuss in pairs
•How do we deal with numerical data in research?

• What types of graphs do you know that we can use

to visualize the data set?

• Have you ever heard of cross-tabulation?

What do you think it is?
Step 1. Tabulation
Tabulation is the first step before the data is used for analysis or
interpretation. It means organizing your data into table.

A table can be simple or complex, depending upon the number or

measurement of single set or multiple sets of items.

Whether simple or complex, there are certain general principles

which should be borne in mind in designing tables.
Example
Step 2. Visualizing the data after the tabulation.
For example, for the values above you could organize the histogram
like this:
What are some other types of graphs?
Histogram
Histograms visualize the underlying
frequency distribution of a given set
of continuous data. We can easily
summarize a large range of values by
grouping or splitting the entire data
set into defined intervals or classes –
commonly known as “bins”. Each bin
contains the number of occurrences
of the data in the dataset that are
contained within that bin. The bins in
histogram are plotted as a vertical (or
horizontal) bar on the chart with the
height of the bar (width when horizontal)
representing frequency of data values
falling in that bin.
Pie Chart
Pie Charts help show proportions and
percentages between categories,
by dividing a circle into
proportional segments. Each arc
length represents a proportion of
each category, while the full circle
represents the total sum of all the
data, equal to 100%.Pie Charts
are ideal for giving the reader a
quick idea of the proportional
distribution of the data.
Bar Graph
A bar chart is a chart with rectangular bars with
lengths proportional to the values that they
represent. One axis of the chart shows the
specific categories being compared, and the
other axis represents a discrete value. Bar
charts provide a visual presentation of
categorical data. Categorical data is a
grouping of data into discrete groups, such as
months of the year, age group, shoe sizes, and
animals. These categories are usually
qualitative. Bars on the chart may be arranged
in any order.
Frequency polygon A frequency polygon starts out
like a histogram, but instead
of drawing a bar, a point is
placed in the midpoint of
each interval at height equal
to the frequency. Typically
the points are connected
with straight lines to
emphasize the distribution of
the data.
CLASS INTERVALS

Class intervals are groupings of the data. In general, we define class intervals so that
each interval is equal in size. For example, if the first class contains values from 120-129, the second class should include values from 130-139.
we have somewhere between 5 and 20 classes, typically, depending upon the number of data we’re working with.
Suppose that we have collected weights from 100 male
subjects as part of a nutrition study. For our weight data, we
have values ranging from a low of 121 pounds to a high of 263
pounds, giving a total span of 263-121 = 142. We could create
7 intervals with a width of around 20, 14 intervals with a
width of around 10, or somewhere in between. Oftentimes we
have to experiment with a few possibilities to find something
that represents the data well. Let us try using an interval width
of 15. We could start at 121, or at 120 since it is a nice round
number.
A histogram for that data would look like
this:
Look at this graph. What is the class width?
What is the sample size?
Look at this graph. What is the class width?
What is the sample size?
Let’s practice

Step 1: Organize the data from least to greatest and write the frequency on the table.
Step 2: Create intervals. The range of data is from 140 to 460.
460-140 = 320
Let’s try 9 intervals of $40, starting at $120 and ending at $479.
OR try 6 intervals of $60, starting at $120 and ending at $479.
Step 3: Create a histogram chart based on your table.
•Compare your histograms with
other classmates’ histograms.

•Do you have the same?

If you tried 9 intervals:
If you tried 6 intervals:
What are mean, median, and mode?

Mean mode and medium are different

types of averages from a data set.
What is mean?

The mean is the average of a data set. It can

be calculated by adding up all of the
numbers in the data set and then dividing by
the total number of values in the set.
It is also known as ‘arithmetic mean’, but
NOT a ‘geometric mean’.
What is median?
The median is the middle value (or
midpoint) when a data set is ordered from
least to greatest.

So list the numbers in your dataset from the

lowest value to the highest value. The
median is the number that is in the middle of
the list of numbers.
What is mode?
The mode is the value that appears the most
number of times in a set of data.

So identify how many number of numbers

appear in your dataset, and which particular
number appears most often. You can use a
frequency table to work this out.
Use the data and find the mean, median,
mode and range.
How do you analyze Likert scale questions?

Let’s watch the video.

Cross-tabulation

Cross-tabulation is used to analyse the categories in a

data table and confirm if there's a link between two or
more of those categorical variables. To understand
how responses and behavior vary within your
audience, compare your quantitative data by group.
Compare raw numbers across categories.
 APA table format
Tables will vary in size and structure depending on the data you’re presenting, but
APA gives some general guidelines for their design. To correctly format an APA
table, follow these rules:
● Table number in bold above the table.
● Brief title, in italics and title case, below the table number.
● No vertical lines.
● Horizontal lines only where necessary for clarity.
● Clear, concise labels for column and row headings.
● Numbers consistently formatted (e.g. with the same number of decimal places).
● Any relevant notes below the table.
Watching the video
• APA formatted table
Let’s consolidate
• Think of your survey questions.
• Share with the class your specific questions and how you could
analyze them
Plenary
•Before I knew..
•But now I know…