(ABE40) Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

UNIT III

THE IDEAL GAS

 BOYLE’S LAW

 Robert Boyle (1627-1691), an English chemist

 If the temperature of a given quantity of gas is
held constant, the volume of the gas varies
inversely with the absolute pressure during a
change of state.

or

 Boyle's Law can be used to compare changing

conditions for a gas.

or
 BOYLE’S LAW
Example:
A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 425mL when the
pressure is equal to 387kPa. The gas is allowed to expand into a
1.75L container. Calculate the new pressure of the gas.
 CHARLES’ LAW
 French physicist Jacques Charles (1746-1823)
 If the pressure on a particular quantity of gas is held constant,
then, with any change of state, the volume will vary directly as the
absolute temperature.

or

 Charles's Law can also be used to compare

changing conditions for a gas.
or
 CHARLES’ LAW
Example:
A balloon is filled to a volume of 2.20L at a
temperature of 22oC. The balloon is then heated to a
temperature of 71oC. Find the new volume of the balloon.
 GAY-LUSSAC’s LAW

If the volume of a particular

quantity of gas is held constant,
then, with any change of state,
the pressure will vary directly
as the absolute temperature.

or p

or

 The direct relationship will only hold if the temperatures are expressed in Kelvin.
Temperatures in Celsius will not work.
EQUATION OF STATE OR CHARACTERISTIC
EQUATION OF A PERFECT GAS
 The ideal gas law, also known as the general gas equation, is an
equation of the state of a hypothetical ideal gas. Although the ideal
gas law has several limitations, it is a good approximation of the
behaviour of many gases under many conditions.
 The ideal gas law states that the product of the pressure and the
volume of one gram molecule of an ideal gas is equal to the product
of the absolute temperature of the gas and the universal gas constant.

𝑝 𝑉 =𝑛𝑅𝑇
EQUATION OF STATE OR CHARACTERISTIC
EQUATION OF A PERFECT GAS
𝑝𝑉 Equation of state / Ideal gas equation
=𝑛 𝑅 Where:
𝑇 p = absolute pressure

𝑝 𝑉 =𝑛𝑅𝑇
V = volume
n = number of moles
R = Universal gas constant = 8.3145 J/mol K

𝑝𝑉 =𝑚𝑅𝑇 Where:
v= specific volume
m= mass
R = Constant value for each gas

(unit mass) = 0.286 kJ/kg K (for air)

 The relationship will only hold if the temperatures are expressed in Kelvin. Temperatures in
Celsius will not work.
EQUATION OF STATE OR CHARACTERISTIC
EQUATION OF A PERFECT GAS

p V m T R

English Units

SI Units kg K
 Example

A drum 6 in. in diameter and 40 in. long contained

acetylene at 250 psia and 90F. After some of the
acetylene was used, the pressure was 200 psia and
the temperature was 85F, (a) What proportion of the
acetylene was used? (b) What volume would the
used acetylene occupy at 14.7 psia and 80R.
(Racetylene=59.35 ft. lbf/lbmR)
 Example

The volume of a 6 x 12-ft tank is 339.3 cu. Ft. It contains

air at 200 psig and 85F. How many 1 cu-ft drums can be
filled to 50 psig and 80F if it is assumed that the air
temperature in the tank remains at 85F? The drums have
been sitting around in the atmosphere which is at 14.7 psia
and 80F. (Rair=53.353 ft. lbf/lbmR).
 SPECIFIC HEAT
 The specific heat of a substance is defined as the quantity of heat
required to change the temperature of unit mass through one
degree.
 It is also known as specific heat capacity

 In differential quantities,
2
𝑄=𝑚 ∫ 𝑐𝑑𝑇 (The specific heat equation)
1
 If the mean or instantaneous value of specific heat is used,
2
𝑄=𝑚𝑐 ∫ 𝑑𝑇 =𝑚𝑐(𝑇 2 −𝑇 1) (constant specific heat)
1
 SPECIFIC HEAT
 Specific heat is a function of temperature, hence it is not constant
but varies with temperature. Generally, it is assumed that it is
constant.

Specific heats in thermodynamics:

 The solids and liquids have only one value of specific heat but a
gas is considered to have two distinct values of specific heat
capacity.

(i) A value when the gas is heated at constant volume, Cv

(ii) A value when the gas is heated at constant pressure Cp

 CONSTANT VOLUME SPECIFIC HEAT (cv)

 It is defined as the heat required to increase the

temperature of the unit mass of a substance by one
degree as the volume is maintained constant.
CONSTANT PRESSURE SPECIFIC HEAT (cp)

It is defined as the heat required to increase the

temperature of the unit mass of a substance by
one degree as the pressure is maintained constant.
CONSTANT PRESSURE SPECIFIC HEAT (cp)

The specific heat at constant pressure C p is

always greater than Cv because at constant
pressure, the system is allowed to expand and the
energy for this expansion work must also be
applied to the system.
RATIO OF SPECIFIC HEATS
𝑐 𝑝
𝑘= >1
𝑐 𝑣
INTERNAL ENERGY OF AN IDEAL GAS
Joule’s law states that “the change of internal energy
of an ideal gas is a function of only the temperature
change.” Therefore, U is given by the formula,

Whether the volume remains constant or not.

ENTHALPY OF AN IDEAL GAS
The change of enthalpy of an ideal gas is given by
the formula,

Whether the pressure remains constant or not.

RELATION BETWEEN cp AND cv

From and
 Example
For a certain ideal gas R = 25.8 ft.lb/lb.R and k =
1.09 (a) What are the values of c p and cv? (b)
What mass of this gas would occupy a volume of
15 cu.ft at 75 psia and 80F? (c) If 30 Btu are
transferred to this gas at constant volume in (b),
what are the resulting temperature and pressure?
 Example
For a certain gas R=320 J/kg.K and c v=0.84
kJ/kg.K. (a) Find cp and k. (b) If 5 kg of this gas
undergo a reversible non flow constant pressure
process from V1=1.133 m3 and p1=690 kPa to a
state whrre t2=555C, find U and H.
 ENTROPY (S, s)
Entropy is that property of a substance which
remains constant if no heat enters or leaves the
substance, while it does work or alters its
volume, but which increases or diminishes
should a small amount of heat enter or leave.
Entropy is defined as:
- a measure of “disorder”
- a measure of “multiplicity”
- a measure of the thermal energy that
is unavailable to be converted to work.
 ENTROPY (S, s)
The second law of thermodynamics states that
the state of entropy of the entire universe, as
an isolated system, will always increase over
time.
The change of entropy of a substance
receiving (or delivering) heat is defined by
 ENTROPY (S, s)

Where: dQ = heat transferred at the temperature

T
= total change of entropy

(constant specific heat)