Temperature

Temperature
 Temperature measures the degree of ‘hotness’ of a body. It does
not measure the amount of heat energy.
 Thermal energy is transferred along the bar from the high
temperature end to the low temperature end.
 The vibrations of the atoms of the metal. One atom passes on
some of its vibrational energy to its neighbor, which originally had
less.
 When different regions in thermal contact are at the same
temperature, they are said to be in thermal equilibrium.
 Most material expand as their temperature is increased.
 The physical property that varies with temperature may be used
for the measurement of temperature.
 Temperature scales

 Substances change state at fixed temperatures is used to define

references temperatures, which are called fixed points.
 Thermometers

 A ther’mometer is a device used

 to measure temperature.
 Gas thermometers
 (not convinient)
 Liquid-in-glass thermometers:
 Expansion of the liquid.
 Advantage:
 Convenient, sensitive and moderately quick-acting.
 Electrical resistance thermometers:
 Temperature variation of electrical resistance.
 Advantages:
 Over a small range of temperature, the variation of resistance is
linear.
 Sensitive.
 Thermoelectric effect thermometers:
 Thermocouple.
 By taking the value of the thermometric property at two fixed
points, and dividing the range of values into a number of equal
steps---an empirical scale of temperature for that thermometer.
 If the values of the thermometric property P are Pi and Ps at the
ice- and steam-points respectively, and if the property has the
value P at an unknown temperature  , the unknown temperature
is given by

100  P  Pi 

 Ps  Pi 
property
Ps

P
Pi

0 100 temperature/℃
constant-volume gas thermometer
 Absolute zero:
 Absolute zero is the theoretical temperature at which entropy reach
es its minimum value. It does not depend on the properties of any
particular substance.
 -273.15 degrees
 p

-273  /℃
Graph of p against  for constant-volume gas thermometer
 Eg
 The length of the mercury column in a mercury-in-glass
thermometer is 25 mm at the ice-point and 180 mm at the steam-
point. What is the temperature when the length of the column is 55
mm?
 Thermodynamic temperature

 For an ideal gas, the relation between pressure p, volume V and

temperature T is

pV
 cons tan t
T
 T is the thermodynamic temperature.
 Triple point of water: the temperature at which ice, water and
water vapor are in equilibrium 273.16K.
 One kelvin is the fraction 1/273.16 of the Thermodynamic
temperature of the triple point of water.
 If a constant-volume gas thermometer gives a pressure reading of
ptr at the triple point, and a pressure reading of p at an unknown
temperature T, the unknown temperature (in K) is given by
 T=273.16(p/ ptr )
The Celsius scale (℃)
 The unit of temperature on the Celsius scale is the degree Celsius
(℃) ， which is exactly equal to the kelvin.

 The equation linking temperature  on the Celsius scale and

thermodynamic temperature T is

 / C  T / K  273.15
or T / K   / C  273.15
 Absolute zero on the ideal gas constant-volume scale is -273.15
degree.
 273.16 occurs in the definition of the kelvin means that the
temperature of the triple point of water is 0.01℃.
 Eg
 The pressure reading of a constant-volume gas thermometer is
1.50×104 Pa at the triple point of water. When the bulb is placed in
a certain liquid, the pressure is 4.28×103 Pa. Find the temperature
of the liquid.