STOICHIOMETRY

Arbelle S. Masaga
TUP Instructor
 STOICHIOMETRY
Stoichiometry is a term derived from the
Greek words stoicheion (element) and metron
(measure).
 Molar Mass
In real life situations, we measure enormous amounts of atoms
contained in macroscopic samples. It is, thus, more convenient to have a
unit that describes a very large number of atoms, and so, atoms and
molecules are measured in the SI system in terms of mole (mol.)

A mole is defined as the amount of a substance containing the

same number of atoms and molecules.
 Molar Mass is defined as the mass in grams or kilograms of 1
mole of atoms or molecules of a substance. The molar mass of carbon is
equal to its atomic mass in amu. In other words, a carbon atom weighs
12 grams.

Similarly, the atomic mass of lithium (Li) is 6.94 amu and its
molar mass is 6.94g; the atomic mass of magnesium (Mg) is 24.30 amu
and its molar mass is 24.30g. Thus, knowing the atomic mass of an
element helps us to also know its molar mass.
 Molecular Mass (also known as molecular weight) is the sum of
the atomic mass of each atom in a molecule, multiplied by the number of
atoms of that element in the molecule. For instance, we can determine
the molecular mass of water (H2O) through the following computation:
Molecular Mass of H2O = 2 (atomic mass of H) + (atomic mass of O)
= 2 (1.008 amu) + 1 (16.00 amu)
= 18.02 amu

From the molecular mass, we can determine the molar mass of a

molecule or compound. The molar mass of a compound (grams) is equal
to its molecular mass (amu). If the molecular mass of H2O is 18.02 amu,
its molar mass is 18.02 g.
Practice:
Calculate the molar mass of each of the following
compounds.
1. Cl2
2. KOH
3. BeCl2
Practice:
Calculate the molar mass of each of the following
NO. OF ATOMS MOLAR MASS OF EACH ATOM
compounds.
1. Cl2
2. KOH
3. BeCl2

MOLAR MASS OF MOLECULES/COMPOUND

Practice:
Calculate the molar mass of each of the following
compounds.
1. Cl2
2. KOH
3. BeCl2
Practice:
Calculate the molar mass of each of the following
compounds.
1. Cl2
2. KOH
3. BeCl2
Percent Composition of Compounds
The percent composition is the percent by mass of the elements
that make up a compound. The percent composition can be obtained using
the formula below:

(
no. of atoms of
% composition of an element = the element )(
molar mass of
the element )
x 100 %
molar mass of the
compound
Example 1: H2O

% composition of H in H2O = ( 2
)( 1.008 g
) x 100 %
18.02 g

= 11.19 %

% composition of O in H2O = ( 16 g

18.02 g
) x 100 %

= 88.79 %
Practice : Percent Composition
Find the percent compositions of all of the elements in the following
compounds:
1.) CrF3
2.) Na3PO4
3.) KCN
4.) PI3
Practice : Percent Composition
Find the percent compositions of all of the elements in the following
compounds:
1.) CrF3
2.) Na3PO4
3.) KCN
4.) PI3
1.)
Practice : Percent Composition
Find the percent compositions of all of the elements in the following
compounds:
1.) CrF3
2.) Na3PO4
3.) KCN
4.) PI3
2.)
Practice : Percent Composition
Find the percent compositions of all of the elements in the following
compounds:
1.) CrF3
2.) Na3PO4
3.) KCN
4.) PI3
3.)
Practice : Percent Composition
Find the percent compositions of all of the elements in the following
compounds:
1.) CrF3
2.) Na3PO4
3.) KCN
4.) PI3
4.)
Empirical Formula
The empirical formula of a substance tells the whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.
The empirical formula H2O shows that water contains 2 H atoms for each O atom. For instance,
methyl acetate, a solvent used in paint and ink manufacture, is made up of 48.64% carbon, 8.16%
hydrogen, and 43.20% oxygen.

Step 1: 48.64g C ( 1 mol C

12.01g C )= 4.049 mol C

8.16g H ( 1 mol H
1.008g H )= 8.095 mol H

43.20g O ( 1 mol O
16.00g O )= 2.7 mol O
 4.049
Step 2: C =
2.7 = 1.499 or 1.5
8.095
H = = 2.998 or 3.0
2.7
2.7
O =
= 1.0
2.7
Multiply the numbers by the smallest integer that makes the values whole
numbers.
C = 1.5 x 2 = 3 H=3x2=6 O=1x2=2

Thus, the empirical formula of methyl acetate is C3H6O2 .

Example 1:
Determine the empirical formula of a compound that contains 27.27%
carbon and 72.72% oxygen.
1 mol C
( ) = 2.27 mol C
Step 1: 27.27g C 12.01g C
1 mol O
( =
)
72.72 g O16.00g O
4.55 mol O
 2.27
Step 2: C= =1
2.27
4.55
O= =2
2.27

The empirical formula of the compound is CO2 .

Practice:
1.) A compound is found to contain 63.52% iron and 36.48% sulfur.
Find its empirical formula.
Practice:
1.) A compound is found to contain 63.52% iron and 36.48% sulfur.
Find its empirical formula.
Practice:
1.) A compound is found to contain 63.52% iron and 36.48% sulfur.
Find its empirical formula.
Practice:
2.) A compound is found to contain 26.56% potassium, 35.41%
chromium, and the remainder oxygen. Finds its empirical formula.
Practice:
2.) A compound is found to contain 26.56% potassium, 35.41%
chromium, and the remainder oxygen. Finds its empirical formula.
Practice:
2.) A compound is found to contain 26.56% potassium, 35.41%
chromium, and the remainder oxygen. Finds its empirical formula.
Practice:
2.) A compound is found to contain 26.56% potassium, 35.41%
chromium, and the remainder oxygen. Finds its empirical formula.
Practice:
3.) A 60.00 g sample of tetraethyl lead, a gasoline additive, is found to
contain 38.43 g lead, 17.83 g carbon, and 3.74 g hydrogen. Find its
empirical formula.
Practice:
3.) A 60.00 g sample of tetraethyllead, a gasoline additive, is found to
contain 38.43 g lead, 17.83 g carbon, and 3.74 g hydrogen. Find its
empirical formula.
Practice:
3.) A 60.00 g sample of tetraethyllead, a gasoline additive, is found to
contain 38.43 g lead, 17.83 g carbon, and 3.74 g hydrogen. Find its
empirical formula.
Practice:
4.) A 170.00 g sample of an unidentified compound contains 29.84 g
sodium, 67.49 g chromium, and 72.67 g oxygen. Find the empirical
formula.
Practice:
4.) A 170.00 g sample of an unidentified compound contains 29.84 g
sodium, 67.49 g chromium, and 72.67 g oxygen. Find the empirical
formula.
Practice:
4.) A 170.00 g sample of an unidentified compound contains 29.84 g
sodium, 67.49 g chromium, and 72.67 g oxygen. Find the empirical
formula.
Practice:
4.) A 170.00 g sample of an unidentified compound contains 29.84 g
sodium, 67.49 g chromium, and 72.67 g oxygen. Find the empirical
formula.
Practice:
5.) Find the empirical formula of a compound containing 4.9 g of
magnesium and 32.0 g of bromine.
Practice:
5.) Find the empirical formula of a compound containing 4.9 g of
magnesium and 32.0 g of bromine.
Molecular Formula
The molecular formula of a compound is its true formula. It
indicates the actual number of each atom in a compound.

The molecular formula of hydrogen peroxide is H2O2 which

means that there are 2 hydrogen atoms for every 2 oxygen atoms in a
molecule of hydrogen peroxide. Notice also that the number of the atoms
in the compound can be simplified into a whole-number ratio, which, in
this case, is 1. Therefore, the formula can be simplified as HO which
also the empirical formula. Molecular formula can be determined by
knowing the molar mass of a compound.
Sample problem 1: What is the molecular formula of a compound with
an empirical formula of CH2O and a molar mass of 180.16 g/mol?
Solution:
Step 1: Determine the mass of the empirical formula by multiplying the
number of atoms of each element by their molar mass and add them
together.
C= (1 x 12.01 g/mol) = 12.01 g/mol
H= (2 x 1.008 g/mol) = 2.016 g/mol
O= (1 x 16.0 g/mol) = 16.0 g/mol
30.026 g/mol
Step 2: Divide the molar mass of the compound by the mass of the
empirical formula of the compound.
180.16 g/mol ÷ 30.026 g/mol = 6

Step 3: Multiply the answer in step 2 by the atoms in the empirical

formula.
C= (6 x 1) = 6
H= (6 x 2) = 12
O= (6 x 1) = 6
Step 4: The products will be the ratio of the molecular formula. Thus,
the molecular formula is C6H12O6.
Sample problem 2: A compound is composed of certain elements with the
following percentage: 40% carbon, 6.71% hydrogen, and 53.29% oxygen. It has a
molar mass of 180.156 g/mol. What is the molecular formula of the compound?
Solution:
Step 1: Determine the empirical formula.

40g C ( ) = 3.33 moles

1 mol C
12.01g C

6.71g H ( 1.008g H) = 6.66 moles

1 mol H

53.29g O ( ) = 3.33 moles

1 mol O
16.00g O
 3.33
C = 3.33 =1
6.66
H= =2
3.33
3.33
O= =1
3.33

Therefore, the empirical formula of the compound is CH2O .

Step 2: Determine the mass of the empirical formula by multiplying the
number of atoms of each element by their molar mass and add them together.
C= (1 x 12.01 g/mol) = 12.01 g/mol
H= (2 x 1.008 g/mol) = 2.016 g/mol
O= (1 x 16.0 g/mol) = 16.0 g/mol
30.026 g/mol

Step 3: Divide the molar mass of the compound by the obtained

empirical mass in step 2.

180.16 g/mol ÷ 30.026 g/mol = 6

Step 4: Multiply the number of atoms in the empirical formula by
the number obtained in step 3.
C= (6 x 1) = 6
H= (6 x 2) = 12
O= (6 x 1) = 6

Thus, the molecular formula of the compound is C6H12O6.

Practice : Molecular formula
1.) Determine the molecular formula of the compound with an
empirical formula of CH and a molar mass of 78.110 g/mol.
Practice : Molecular formula
1.) Determine the molecular formula of the compound with an
empirical formula of CH and a molar mass of 78.110 g/mol.
Practice :
2.) Determine the molecular formula of a compound with an empirical
formula of NH2 and a molar mass of 32.06 g/mol.
Practice :
2.) Determine the molecular formula of a compound with an empirical
formula of NH2 and a molar mass of 32.06 g/mol.
Practice :
3.) A sample of a compound with a molar mass of 34.00 g/mol is
found to consist of 0.44 g H and 6.92 g O. Find its molecular formula.
Practice :
3.) A sample of a compound with a molar mass of 34.00 g/mol is
found to consist of 0.44 g H and 6.92 g O. Find its molecular formula.
Practice :
4.) If 4.04g of N combine with 11.46g O to produce a compound with
a molar mass of 108.0 g/mol, what is the molecular formula of this
compound?
Practice :
4.) If 4.04g of N combine with 11.46g O to produce a compound with
a molar mass of 108.0 g/mol, what is the molecular formula of this
compound?
Practice :
5.) The molar mass of a compound is 92g/mol. Analysis of a sample
of the compound indicates that it contains 0.606g N and 1.390g O.
Find its molecular formula.
Practice :
5.) The molar mass of a compound is 92g/mol. Analysis of a sample
of the compound indicates that it contains 0.606g N and 1.390g O.
Find its molecular formula.