Functions, Function

Notations, and
Equations
Lesson 1.1
2
At the end of the lesson, the learners should
be able to do the following:
● Correctly define a function.
● Properly represent a function using function
notation.
● Properly model real-life problems using
functions.
Birth Month Trick
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Take the number of your birth month.
(e.g., January = 1, February = 2, etc.)
2. Add 32.
3. Add the result in Step 2 to the difference
between 12 and the number of your
birth month.
4. Divide by 2.
5. Subtract 10
5
 12
What result
did you get?

6
Activity 2: Plug It
 1
-1
13

8
9
 It is a special kind of relation in which no two
distinct ordered pairs have the same first element.
A=

In an equation in two variables, and , the

first element variable may be expressed as if every value

of corresponds to a single value of .
second element

11
12
Tree trunks machine chopped logs

13
The value that a function takes in is called the
or the
while the corresponding value that it
produces is the or the

14
› Defines a relationship between an input
(independent) variable and an output
(dependent) variable

› INPUT – the set of x values, independent

variable , Domain
› OUTPUT – the set of y values, dependent
variable , Range

15
Example:
Assume that you are in a grocery store. Each grocery
item has its own corresponding price.

This is an example of a function wherein the independent

variable is the grocery item while the dependent variable is
its price.

Let f(x) = 3x − 2, find f(2).

f(2) = 3(2) − 2
f(2) = 6 -2
f(2) = 4
16
Example: There are different ways of writing .
Function Notation Description

is written as a function of , or

The arrow is read as “is mapped to.”

The colon symbol () is read as “such that.”

The function is written as a set.

17
 How will you determine
whether a given equation is a
function?
Equations denote equality between
two expressions.

Functions denote relationships between

two variables.

A function always involves a relation

between a set of inputs and a set of
outputs.
19
Example 1 :
Consider an electric fan as a function machine.
What you do you think is the input,
the function, and the output?
Solution:
Pressing any button on the electric fan (assuming it is
plugged into a power source) will cause the fan blade to
spin.

Hence, the buttons are the input, the spinning of the

fan blade is the function, and the wind it gives off is the
output. 20
Example 1:
If height (H) is a function of age (a), give a
function H that can represent the height of a
person in a age, if every year the height is
added by 2 inches.
Solution:
Since every year the height is added by 2 inches, then
the height function is 𝑯(𝒂)=𝟐+𝒂

21
Example 2:
If distance (D) is a function of time (t), give a
function D that can represent the distance a
car travels in t time, if every hour the car
travels 60 kilometers.
Solution:
Since every hour, the car travels 60 kilometers,
therefore the distance function is given by
𝑫(𝒕)=60𝒕
22
Example 3:
Give a function B that can represent the
amount of battery charge of a cellular
phone in h hour, if 12% of battery was loss
every hour.
Solution: Since every hour losses 12% of the
battery, then the amount of battery function is

𝑩(𝒉)=100−0.12𝒉
23
Example 4:
Consider the table of values below. Determine the
input, the function, and the output.

𝒚 =𝟐 𝒙 24
 It is a function composed of two or more
expressions for the different parts of the
domain.
Example:

25
A piecewise function is a function in
which more than one formula is used to define the
output.

={
formula 1 if x is in domain 1
𝑓(𝑥) formula 2 if x is in domain 2
formula 3 if x is in domain 3

26
Example 1:
A user is charged ₱250.00 monthly for a particular
mobile plan, which
includes 200 free text messages. Messages in excess of
200 are charged ₱1.00 each. Represent the monthly cost
for text messaging using the function t(m), where m is
the number of messages sent in a month.
250 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑚 ≤ 200

={
For sending messages of not
exceeding 200

t(m) (250+𝑚) 𝑖𝑓 𝑚>200 In case the messages sent

were more than 200

27
Example 2:
A certain chocolate bar costs ₱50.00 per piece.
However, if you buy more than 5 pieces they will mark
down the price to ₱48.00 per piece. Use a piecewise
function to represent the cost in terms of the number of
chocolate bars bought.

50 𝑖𝑓 0<𝑛≤5

={
For buying 5 chocolate bars
or less

f(n) (48𝑛) 𝑖𝑓 𝑛>5 For buying more than 5

chocolate bars

28
Example 3:
The cost of hiring a catering service to serve food for a
party is ₱250.00 per head for 50 persons or less, ₱200.00
per head for 51 to 100 persons, and ₱150.00 per head for
more than 100. Represent the total cost as a piecewise
function of the number of attendees to the party.

250 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 ≤ 50 Cost for a service to at least 50

={
persons

c(h) 200 𝑖𝑓 51 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 100 Cost for a service to at least 100

persons

150 𝑖𝑓 𝑛>100 Cost for a service to more than

100 persons
29
 GENERAL MATHEMATICS QUIZ 1
A. Given the following B. Find the function value
objects as “function (output) given the value
machines,” identify the input, of 𝑥 (input)
the function, and the output.
1. Guitar
2. Elevator
 GENERAL MATHEMATICS QUIZ 1
C. Analyze and solve the problem below.
Gyra needs to buy bags for her outreach program. She
went to a bargain market to look for the best deal she can
get. She found out that Aling Zeny’s store gives the best
deal. Aling Zeny, the owner of the store, gave the following
quotation:
a. If she buys at most 20 bags, each bag would cost ₱200
each.
b. If she buys 21-50 bags, each bag would cost ₱180 each.
c. If she buys at least 51 bags, each bag would cost ₱150
each.
 Welcome to
the world of
f(x)
Lesson 1.2 Functions vs Relations
 OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lesson, the learners should
be able to do the following:
● Clearly define relations and functions.

● Correctly differentiate a function from a

relation.

● Accurately determine whether a given scenario is a

function or not.
 What is
Relationship?
ACT
HOLE
Activity
 Instructions
1. The students will make pairings based on
the scenarios below then write these
pairings as ordered pairs in a set.
𝐴 = {pair yourself with your siblings}
𝐵 = {pair yourself with your parents}
𝐶 = {pair yourself with your favorite TV show/s}
𝐷= {pair yourself with your permanent city of
residence}
Functions vs
Relations
 Relation
It is a set of objects, such as numbers, grouped
together which may or may not represent a pattern; simply
a set of ordered pairs that are arranged in an orderly manner
Example:
Billy is associated to his friends: Gabriel, Jasmine, and Luis. Using
this example, we can define a relation 𝐹 showing this association
or correspondence.

𝐹 = {(Billy, Gabriel), (Billy, Jasmine), (Billy, Luis)}

 There are four types of
relations of ordered pairs
One-to-One
Correspondence
Each value of the independent variable is
unique and is associated with a unique value of
the dependent variable
Many-to-One
Correspondence
Two or more values of x is associated with the
same value of y.
One-to-Many
Correspondence
Some values of x are associated with more than
one value of y.
Many-to-Many
Correspondence
Some values of x and y are associated with more
than one value of their counterpart.
 Functions
It is a special kind of relation in which no two
distinct ordered pairs have the same first element.
Example:
Miguel, Karlo, and Bien are paired to their respective
schools. Let us name this relation S.
S= {(Miguel, DLSU), (Karlo, ADMU), (Bien, ADMU)}
S is a function because no two ordered pairs have the
same first element.
 Vertical Line Test
It can be used to determine if a
graph represents a function.

Example:
The given graph on the right passes the
vertical line test since drawing an
imaginary vertical line anywhere on the
graph would touch exactly one point.
 Try it!Practice
Let’s

Example 1: Determine whether the following set is a function.

Solution:
No first element was repeated.
Hence, the set of ordered pairs represents a function.
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Write all the ordered pairs in the

figure and determine its type of
relation.

Solution:
Pairing each element of with each element of , we
have

many-to-one
 Key Points

● A relation is a set of objects, such as numbers, grouped

together which may or may not represent a pattern;
simply a set of ordered pairs that are arranged in an
orderly manner

● A one-to-one correspondence is where each value of the

independent variable is unique and is associated with a
unique value of the dependent variable
 Key Points

● A many-to-one correspondence is where two or more values

of is associated with the same value of

● A one-to-many correspondence is where some values of are

associated with more than one value of

● A many-to-many correspondence is where some values of

and are associated with more than one value of their
counterpart
 Key Points

● A function is a special kind of relation in which no two

distinct ordered pairs have the same first element.

● A vertical line test can be used to determine if a graph

represents a function.
 Try It!
Assessment:
1. A _______ is where each value of the independent variable is
unique and is associated with a unique value of the dependent
variable
2. A _____is where some values of are associated with more than
one value of
3. is a special kind of relation in which no two distinct ordered pairs
have the same first element.
4. It can be used to determine if a graph represents a function.
5. It is where some values of are associated with more than one value
 Try It!

Individual Practice:

1. Determine whether the following table of values satisfies

the definition of a function.
 Try It!

Individual Practice:

2. Tell whether the graph represents

a function or not.
 Try It!

Given:
a. Complete the table of values.
b. Sketch the graph of .
c. Determine whether is a function of .
 Welcome to
the world of
f(x)
Lesson 1.3 Evaluating and Graphing
Functions
 OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lesson, the learners should
be able to do the following:
● Correctly find the value of a function at a given value
of 𝑥 .
● Accurately construct a table of values for a function.
● Accurately plot points in a coordinate plane to graph
functions.
Building strong and solid
infrastructures needs accurate
calculations on the measurement of
its every aspect. Buildings, such as the
image shown on the left, exhibit lines
and curves that can be derived using
the concept of functions.
Essential Questions
How can you determine the values represented by a
function?

How can you evaluate a function at specified values of

the variable?

How can you describe and represent a function using

a graph?
Table of Values
A graphic organizer or chart
that helps determine two or
more points that can be used
in creating graphs.
Example:
Consider the function .

The values of the function for the

given values of are shown in the
table of values on the right.
 Try it!Practice
Let’s

Example 1: Evaluate ,
when (a) , (b) , and (c) .
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 1: Evaluate ,
when (a) , (b) , and (c) .

Solution:
a. Since , we use the first expression, i.e. .
Substitute in the expression then simplify.
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 1: Evaluate ,
when (a) , (b) , and (c) .

Solution:
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 1: Evaluate
when (a) , (b) , and (c) .

Solution:
b. Since , we use the second expression, i.e. .
Substitute in the expression then simplify.
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 1: Evaluate
when (a) , (b) , and (c) .

Solution:
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 1: Evaluate
when (a) , (b) , and (c) .

Solution:
c. Since , we use the third expression, i.e.
. Substitute in the expression then simplify.
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 1: Evaluate
when (a) , (b) , and (c) .

Solution:
 Try it!Practice
Let’s

Example 2: Sketch the graph of the function .

 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Sketch the graph of the function .

Solution:
1. Tabulate some arbitrary values
of .
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Sketch the graph of the function .

Solution:
2. To obtain the corresponding
values of , evaluate the
function at the chosen values
of .
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Sketch the graph of the function .

Solution:
3. Plot the ordered pairs in the
Cartesian plane.
 Try It!

Individual Practice:
1. Evaluate
when (a) , (b) , and (c) .

2. Sketch the graph of the function .

 Lesson 1.4
Domain and Range
of Functions
Objectives
At the end of the lesson , the Grade 11
students will be able to do the following with at least
85% Level of accuracy:

01 Identify a function
as being a linear,
02 Find the domain and
range of different types
of function.

. quadratic,
polynomial,
rational, or radical.
.
Activity
Asia, Here We Come!
Asia, Here We Come!
Instructions:
1. This activity should be done individually.
2. List 5 countries and its capital city in Asia
3. Use the format below in listing:

(Country, Capital City)

Domain of a Function
The set of all values of the independent
variable that have corresponding values
of the dependent variable .

Example:
Consider the function .

The domain of is the set containing all the first coordinates.

Range of a Function
The set of all values of that can be
obtained from the possible values of .

Example:
Consider the function .
The range of is the set containing all the second
coordinates.
Linear Function
A function that has a degree of and
whose graph is a straight line. The
domain and range of a linear function are
both the set of real numbers .
Example:
The functions and are linear functions.
Quadratic function
A function that has a degree of 2 and
whose graph is a parabola. The domain
of a quadratic function is the set of real
numbers.
Example:
The functions and are quadratic
functions.
Polynomial function
A function involving nonnegative integer powers of
the independent variable. The domain of a polynomial
function is the set of real numbers; while, the range of
a polynomial function whose degree is odd is the set
of real numbers.
Example:
The functions and are polynomial functions.

Constant, linear, and quadratic functions are also polynomial

functions.
Rational function
A function that can be expressed as a ratio of two
polynomials. The domain of a rational function is the
set of real numbers except the zeros of its
denominator.
Example:
The functions and are rational functions.

The domain of is the set of real numbers except .

The domain of is the set of real numbers except .
Radical function
A function that contains radical expressions. The domain of a
radical function is the set of real numbers except those that
make the radicand of radicals with even index negative.
Example:
The functions and are radical functions.

The domain of is the set of real numbers greater than

or equal to 2.
The domain of is the set of real numbers.
Let’s Practice
 Example 1: Find the domain and range of the function
.
Answer:
The function is a linear function. The domain and range of
a linear function are both the set of the real numbers.

Answer:
Therefore, the domain of the function is and its
range is also .
Example 2: Find the domain and range
of .
Solution:
For a square root function to be defined, the radicand
must be nonnegative (i.e. greater than or equal to zero).

Solution: Solution:
We then solve for . Therefore, the domain of is and its
range is since the principal square root
of a number is always nonnegative.
Example 3: Find the domain and range
of .
Solution:

Domain :
Solution:
To find the range, we have to The denominator must not be
determine the restrictions for y = equal to zero. Thus,
f(x). To do this, solve for x in
terms of y.

Range :
Pairing Practice:

1. What is the domain and range of .

2. Find the domain and range of using its graph.

3. Find the domain and range of the function f(x) = 2 -5

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● The domain of a function is the set of all values of the
independent variable 𝑥 that have corresponding values of
the dependent variable 𝑦.

● The range of a function is the set of all values of that can

be obtained from the possible values of .
● A linear function is a function that has a degree of and
whose graph is a straight line. The domain and range of a
linear function are both the set of real numbers .

● A quadratic function is a function that has a degree of and

whose graph is a parabola. The domain of a quadratic
function is the set of real numbers.
● A polynomial function is a function involving nonnegative
integer powers of the independent variable. The domain
of a polynomial function is the set of real numbers; while,
the range of a polynomial function whose degree is odd is
the set of real numbers.
● A rational function is a function that can be expressed as a
ratio of two polynomials. The domain of a rational function
is the set of real numbers except the zeros of its
denominator.

● A radical function is a function that contains radical

expressions. The domain of a radical function is the set of
real numbers except those that make the radicand of
radicals with even index negative.
 Lesson 1.4
Addition and
Subtraction of
Functions
Objectives
At the end of the lesson , the Grade 11
students will be able to do the following with at least
85% Level of accuracy:

● Perform ● Solve problems

involving
addition and
functions
subtraction of
functions.
Addition of Functions
The sum of two functions and is
denoted by . This sum is defined as
Example:
Find the sum of the functions and
.
Subtraction of Functions
The difference between two
functions and is denoted by . This
difference is defined as
Example:
Find the difference between the functions
and .
 Try it!Practice
Let’s

Example 1: Let and . Find .

 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 1: Let and . Find .

Solution:
To find , add the two given expressions for and .
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 1: Let and . Find .

Solution:
1. Substitute the given functions.
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 1: Let and . Find .

Solution:
2. Combine similar terms.

( 𝑓 +𝑔 ) ( 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 7 𝑥
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 1: Let and . Find .

Solution:
Therefore, .
 Try it!Practice
Let’s

Example 2: Let and . Find .

 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Let and . Find .

Solution:
1. Subtract the two given expressions for and .
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Let and . Find .

Solution:
a. Substitute the given functions.
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Let and . Find .

Solution:
b. Change the operation from subtraction to addition.
Change the signs of all the terms in the subtrahend.
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Let and . Find .

Solution:
c. Combine similar terms.
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Let and . Find .

Solution:
2. Substitute into the resulting function.
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Let and . Find .

Solution:
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Let and . Find .

Solution:
Thus, .
 Try It!

Individual Practice:
1. Let and . Find .

2. Let and . Find .

 Key Points

● Addition of Functions. Given two functions and , their sum

is denoted by . This is defined by .

● Subtraction of Functions. Given two functions and , their

difference is denoted by . This is defined by .
 Lesson 1.4
Multiplication of
Functions
Multiplication of Functions
The product of two functions and
is denoted by This product is
defined as
 Learn about It!

Given and . The product is

Example:
 Try it!Practice
Let’s

Example 1: Let and .

Find .
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 1: Let and .

Find .
Solution:
Multiply the two given expressions for and .
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 1: Let and .

Find .
Solution:
1. Substitute the given functions.
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 1: Let and .

Find .
Solution:
2. Multiply the expressions.
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 1: Let and .

Find .
Solution:
3. Group similar terms together.
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 1: Let and .

Find .
Solution:
4. Combine similar terms.
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 1: Let and .

Find .
Solution:
Thus, .
 Try it!Practice
Let’s

Example 2: Let and .

Find .
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Let and .

Find .
Solution:
1. Multiply the two given expressions for and .
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Let and .

Find .
Solution:
a. Substitute the given functions.
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Let and .

Find .
Solution:
b. Multiply the expressions.
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Let and .

Find .
Solution:
c. Group similar terms together.
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Let and .

Find .
Solution:
d. Combine similar terms.
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Let and .

Find .
Solution:
2. Substitute to the resulting function.
 Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Let and .

Find .
Solution:
Hence, .
 Key Points

● The product of two functions and is denoted by . This

product is defined as .
Division of
Functions
Division of Functions
the quotient of two functions and
is denoted by ; this quotient is
defined as
 Objectives

At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to

● accurately divide functions; and

● correctly solve problems involving division of

functions.
 Learn about It!

Division
1 the quotient of two functions and is denoted by ; this quotient is defined as

Example:
 Try It!

Example 1: Let and .

Find .
 Try It!

Example 1: Let and .

Find .

Solution: Divide the two given expressions for and .

 Try It!

Example 1: Let and .

Find .

Solution: Substitute the given functions.

 Try It!

Example 1: Let and .

Find .

Solution: Factor the denominator.

 Try It!

Example 1: Let and .

Find .

Solution: Cancel out common factors to simplify.

 Try It!

Example 1: Let and .

Find .

Solution:

Thus,
 Try It!

Example 2: Find if and .

 Try It!

Example 2: Find if and .

Solution: Divide the two given expressions for and .

 Try It!

Example 2: Find if and .

Solution: Substitute the given functions.

 Try It!

Example 2: Find if and .

Solution: Divide the two expressions by using synthetic

division.
 Try It!

Example 2: Find if and .

Solution: Since the remainder is zero, the quotient of the

two given functions is .
 Let’s Practice!

Individual Practice:

1. What is , if and ?

2. Find if and .
 Let’s Practice!

Group Practice: To be done in 2 to 5 groups

Jai has a rectangular lot. If the area of her lot is

and its length is , find the other dimension which is the
width.
Key Points

Division
1 the quotient of two functions and is denoted by ; this quotient is defined as