Action Potential

Action potential is a crucial process in the nervous system, allowing for rapid
communication between cells. Let's delve into its anatomy, phases, factors, and
applications.

by Tejas Lahamage
Introduction
Action potential is an electrical signal that travels along the membrane of a neuron. It
is generated when a neuron receives a stimulus, initiating a chain reaction.
The Process
1 Depolarization
The cell membrane becomes permeable to sodium ions, causing a rapid influx and a
shift in membrane potential.

2 Repolarization
Sodium channels close, and potassium channels open in response to the depolarization,
allowing potassium ions to leave the cell.

3 Hyperpolarization
The membrane briefly becomes more negative than its resting potential, as potassium
ions continue to exit the cell.
Factors Affecting Action Potential
1 Temperature
Elevated temperatures increase the rate of
ion movement and can lead to faster
action potentials.
2 Ion Concentration
Imbalances in ion concentration, such as
high extracellular potassium, can disrupt
the normal functioning of action
potentials.

3 Myelination
Myelinated axons conduct action potentials more rapidly than unmyelinated ones due to saltatory
conduction.
Applications
Nerve Signaling
Action potentials enable the
transmission of signals
throughout the nervous system,
allowing for coordinated
responses.
Muscle Contraction
Action potentials trigger the
release of calcium, leading to
muscle contraction and
movement.
Sensory Perception
Action potentials in sensory
neurons are essential for
converting external stimuli into
conscious sensations.
Conclusion
Action potentials are fundamental for communication in the nervous system, contributing to our ability to move, sense,
and experience the world around us. Understanding their mechanisms is key to unraveling the complexities of neural
networks.