Unit 3

1
INFORMATION
MSM-MBA 2020 Even Semester

MANAGEMENT
UNIT 3: DATA BASE

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Content 2
DBMS (Database Management System)

1.
2. HDMBS (Hierarchy based Data base management system)
3. NDBMS (Network Database management system)
4. RDBMS (Relational Database Management System)
5. Query processing
6. SQL
7. Concurrency Management
8. Data Warehousing and data mart

File concepts 3
 A data element or field – logical collection of

characters
 A record – collection of logically grouped data
elements
 A record – usually a collection of data elements
describes entity
 A file is a collection of records of one type (e.g.)
details of employee record –”Employee file”
File structure 4

 The way you choose to store records on
magnetic media called “File structure”
1. Sequential file structure – one way to store

the employee records sequentially using an
ID. The retrieval of data is difficult. The
most inexpensive and economical one
Contd…
2. Direct file structure 5

 Another way to store records is to store
randomly – allows direct access to data in
storage devices. Easy and direct retrieval.
But sometimes multiple storage slows down
the system
Contd…
3. Indexed sequential file 6
structure

 Third way to store records is sequentially on a direct
access medium
 Index is maintained as records are added to the file
 This method is called “Indexed sequential access method”

ISAM
 But indexed files require maintenance of the indexes.
 The system lead to slow performance where direct access

saves time
Accessing records 7

 Organization or manager need to:
1. Adding new record to a file
2. Deleting records from a file
3. Modifying records in a file
4. Viewing records in a file
5. Creating reports from records in a file

Inverted files 8

 ID method uses primary key for finding
and identifying stored data.
 Secondary key used that have secondary
indexes called “Inverted Keys”.

Linked files 9

 The set of data retrieved by the pointer
when the search of records called “Linked
lists”.
 The method use to store records, affect the
access/retrieval of data
File structures 10
 File structure not only affect the access to data or record but

also processing of data or record.
1. File structures in online/real-time processing:
Here process is online/real time, so the direct
access of records either indexed sequential or direct
structure used.
2. File structures in batch processing:
Sequential access file structure – help in accessing
of records in the accumulated batch of files and the entire
batch is processed
Appropriate file structure should be used for the type of
processing requirement
Data base concepts 11

Database – collection of related files; files is a
collection of records
Data independence – the lack of data independence –

any tie the record format of a file was changed. This
change will affect all corresponding files
Data redundancy – single record type file systems
Data consistency – update of data in file may not ensure

update in associated files/records. Data inconsistency
Database Management Systems 12
(DBMS)

 DBMS – collection of software programs that
1. Store data in a uniform and consistent way
2. Organizes data into records in a uniform and

consistent way
3. Allows access to the data in a uniform and consistent

way
DBMS retrieves data from databases and provides them to

the application programs
Diagrammatic representation of 13
Process of DBMS

Application
program
(DBMS) Database
Management System Database
Application
program
Components of DBMS 14

- Organization mostly purchase Database
Management system software from vendors
1. Data dictionary/directory:
Contains the names and description of every data

element in the database
(e.g.) Data element name: “STOCKNUM” description:

No. of inventory item
Contd…
15
2. Data Language: Programmers use a special

language uniformly called “Data
Description Language” (DDL) – describe
the characteristics of the data element
(e.g.) command language –
“FIND,GET&INSERT Contd…
16
3. Teleprocessing monitors:

It is a communication software package that
manages communication between the database
and remote terminals.
(e.g.) customer orders processed in branch or store
and sent to the database located in Headquarters
Contd…
17
4. Application development tools:

It is a program designated to help
programmers develop application programs
that use the database
(e.g.) CASE tools (Computer Aided Software
Engineering)
Contd…
18
5. Security software:

A security software provides the
variety of tools to shield the
database from unauthorized
access and from unwanted viruses

Contd…
19
6. Archiving, Backup and recovering system:

Archiving programs – database manager with tools to make
copies of the database – in case original records in database –
damaged or destroyed.
Restart/recovery systems – tools used to restart the database
and to recover lost data in event of a failure
Back up systems – making copies of data and store safer
Contd…
20
7. Report writers:

-report writers – design of output
requirement needed by the end user
Contd…
8. Query Language:
21
It is a set of commands – primarily for accessing data from a database

three tools – SQL (structured Query Language); NLQ(Natural
Language Queries) and QBE (Query by Example)
(e.g.) SQL queries SELECT NAME,ADDRESS,CITY
FROM CUSTOMER
WHERE
COUNTRY=“IN”
NLQ Queries “LIST THE NAMES AND ADDRESS OF ALL

Contd…
CUSTOMERS IN INDIA”
QBE queries – does not require statement – any text or picture

22
9. Multiple platform databases:

Some vendors provide DBMS
software work on many different
hardware and OS platforms.
Contd…
23
10. Web server software:

Vendors provide integrated WWW
server software with DBMS
The software turns the computer system
having the database into a web server and
enables users with web connectivity

The database administrator 24

- Development of DBMS has created a need for organizational
changes within firms
- Focal point of changes – lead to position of the database
administrator
- The company’s functional database shared by other
department – no need of DBA
- Data base Administrator maintains data consistency and
security
View of data 25
 Any data base contains two types of data

1. Actual data – such as employee names and so on…
2. Meta Data – how each data element relates to other data

element
Data in the database have 2 views
3. Logical View – Way user perceive records in the database
4. Physical view – records are actually organized and stores on

the storage media
Contd…
26
The schema – is a description of the logical

view of a database
Common tool used to design schema in an

entity relationship diagram
Sub-system – A Less comprehensive logical

view of the database
- View used by an application programmer, an

application program or a user.
Database models 27
 Data in one record must have relationship with data in

another record
Man power
Database
Payroll
Employee Data
Database base
 Finding the relationship in large organization is complex and
so some of models used in organization. These
organizational approaches called “Database models”.

Types of Data Base models 28

 There are four types of database models:
1. Hierarchical database model
2. Network database model
3. Relational database model
4. Object Oriented database model

Hierarchical Database model 29

records are organized into hierarchy of
relationships (i.e.) parent and child relationship.
- A parent record may have many child record. But

one child doesn’t have parent record
r2
r5
r1 r3
r6
r4
Network Database Model 30

 Network database model advanced than
hierarchical model; a set of record may form
network with the another set of records
r2
r5
r1 r3
r6
r4
Relational Database model 31

It is organized into a series of two dimensional
tables. The records are easy to access and
understand
R1 R5 R6 R7
R2 X Y Z
R3 X Y Z
R4 x y z
Object Oriented Database model 32

 It is bound together with its own data and a set of instructions
that describes the behavior and attributes of the objects.
 Objects that have the same set of attributes and methods are
grouped into a class
 Objects use messages to interact with one another
 Object is described by a set of attributes
r1 r2 r3
Object 1 Object 2 Object 3

Advantages of Database Management 33
System

1. Data sharing is easy and available
2. Data redundancy reduced significantly
3. Improved data consistency
4. Database system keeps description of data separate from
applications (data independence)
5. Increased application programmer and user productivity
6. Improved data administration and control
7. Increased emphasis on data as a resource

Problems of Database system 34

1. Concurrency problems – Accessing the
database by multi-users simultaneously
2. Resource problems – requires extra

computing resources
3. Security problems – database must be

protected from the unauthorized access of
data
Query processing 35
 Query processing – procedure of transforming a high

level query (like SQL) into correct and efficient
execution plan expressed in low level language
 Performs the retrieval and manipulation in the database
 A query processor select the most appropriate plan –

used in responding to a database
 SQL query processing requires DBMS to identify and

execute a strategy for retrieving the results of the query
Steps in Query processing 36

 Step 1: Syntax analysis – SQL query
analyzed for syntax error
 Step 2: Query decomposition – phase of
query processing transform high level query
to machine level query

Pictorial diagram of query 37
processing

High level Query Language
Query Decomposer
Query optimizer
Query code Generator/ Query

Interpreter
Run time database processor

38
 Query decomposer works in five stages:

1. Query analysis
2. Query normalization
3. Semantic analysis
4. Query simplifier
5. Query restructuring
Query optimizer – choosing an efficient execution strategy
for processing a query

Structured Query Language 39

 International standard language for creating or
manipulating relational databases
 SQL – special purpose programming Language
designed for managing data held in a relational
database management (RDBMS)

SQL Data Types 40

 Data types are:
1. CHARACTER(n) 6. DECIMAL (p , q)
2. CHARACTER 7. INTEGER
VARYING(n) 8. SMALLINT
3. BIT 9. FLOAT (P)
4. BIT VARYING(n)
5. NUMERIC (p , q)
SQL commands 41
 Lines of SQL codes – SQL application to perform simple

tasks against data inside of a database
Types of SQL commands:
1. Data definition language (DDL)
2. Data query Language (DQL)
3. Data Administration statements (DAS)
4. Data Manipulation Language (DML)
5. Data Control Language (DCL)
6. Transaction control statements (TCS)

1. Data Definition Language (DDL) 42
a. CREATE TABLE – statement used to create tables to store
data

Syntax:
CREATE TABLE table_name
(
Column_name1 Data_type
Column_name2 Data_type
);
(e.g.)
CREATE TABLE employee
(
Employee code Integer,
Name char(20)
Gender char(1) Contd…
);
b. ALTER TABLE – used to change definitions of existing 43
tables

Used to add a column, add an integrity constraint, to
redefine a column (data type, size, default value)
Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD Column_name Data_typesize [constraint_name]
(e.g.) ALTER TABLE Employee
ADD (tel_number integer);

Contd…
44
c. DROP TABLE: command used to remove an object

from the database
once drop can’t get it back
Syntax:
DROP TABLE table_name
(e.g.) DROP TABLE Employee

Data Manipulation Language 45
 Users to insert data into database, modify and delete the data in the

database
 3 data manipulation commands:
a. INSERT statement – 2 ways to insert data into a table
1. Inserting data directly into a table
syntax:
INSERT INTO table-name[col-1,col-2,col-3… col-n]
VALUES (value-1,value-2,value-3….value-n);
(e.g.) INSERT INTO Employee

Contd…
VALUES (015, ‘srinath’, ‘Aeronautics’)
b. UPDATE Statement: UPDATE command specify the rows to be changed 46
using the WHERE clause and the new data using the SET keyword.

syntax:
UPDATE table-name
SET Column_name = new-value
WHERE Column_name = some-value
(e.g.) UPDATE weather
SET average temp = 20 degree Celsius
WHERE City = ‘Madurai’
Contd…
 DELETE statement:
47
The SQL DELETE statement allows to delete a single

record or multiple records from a table
Syntax:
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE Column_name = some_value
(e.g.)
DELETE FROM weather
WHERE city = ‘Nagpur’

Data query Language (DQL) 48
(c) This SQL statement enables the user to query one

or more table to get information they want.
1. SELECT Statement – used to select data from a

table.
Syntax: SELECT Column_name(s) FROM

table_name;
(e.g.) SELECT ______ FROM ______;
SELECT city FROM weather; Contd…

49
(d) (DCL) Data control language:

- to prevent unauthorized access to data
1. GRANT 2.REVOKE
(e) Data Administration Statements (DAS):
- allows the user to platform audits and analysis on

operations within the database
(1) START AUDIT (2) STOP AUDIT
(f) Transaction control statements (TCS):
- manage all the changes made by the DML statements
(1) COMMIT (2) ROLLBACK (3) SAVEPOINT

Contd…
Aggregate functions 50

1. SUM() function – returns the total sum of a numeric column
2. COUNT() function – allows to count the number of row in a
certain table
3. MIN() function – returns the smallest value of the selected
column
4. MAX() function – returns the largest value of the selected
column
51
 Advantages: Programming

1. Portable • Disadvantages
2. Easy to learn and 1. Vendor variation
understand 2. Join inconsistencies
3. Used with any DBMS 3. Misconstructions in
4. Interactive Language WHERE
5. Support Object based 4. Complex grammar

Concurrency Management 52

 (Parallel) concurrency is a property of
systems in which several computations are
executing simultaneously
 When more than one user utilizes a DBMS,
problems can occur if the system is not
designed for multi users
 Concurrency problem –concurrency control
Reasons for concurrency Management 53

1. To improved throughput and resource utilization
2. To reduce waiting time
 Methods to avoid concurrency:
1. Locking file
2. Locking record
3. Locking data field
4. Versioning
Data Warehousing 54

 A data warehouse is a collection of corporate
information, derived directly from
operational system and some external data
sources.
 A data warehousing is subject oriented
integrated non volatile, time carrying
collection of data in support of its decision
making process.
55
Feature of data warehousing

1. Subject oriented
2. Integrity
3. Time variant
4. Non volatile
Architecture/structure of data 56
warehouse

 Data warehouse 3 tier:
1. Bottom tier – transaction processing
2. Middle tier – Analytical processing
3. Top tier – reporting, analysis and data

mining tools
57
Components of data warehouse

1. Data warehouse database:
a. Parallel relational database design
b. New indexed structure to bypass relational table
c. Multidimensional database
2. Sourcing, acquisition, clean up and transforming tools
d. Removing unwanted data
e. Converting to common data name and identification
f. Calculating summary and drive data
g. Establishing default for missing data
h. Accommodating source data definition changes Contd…

58
3. Meta data:
data that describes the data warehouse

4. Access tools:
a. Query and reporting tools
b. Applications
c. Online analytical processing (OLAP)
d. Data mining
e. Data marts
f. Data warehouse administration and management
g. Information delivery system

Data Mart 59

 Partitions of overall data warehouse
 Data marts provide the easiest
possible access to information
required by its user community

Characteristics: 60
1. Data mart aims to meet a department needs

2. A data warehouse spans the entire organization –designed using
enterprise data model
3. The data mart is easy to design, build and test
4. Contains only a small part of an organization’s data
5. Data warehouse needs to be planned and implemented as huge projects
6. An organization can build many data marts independently
7. An organization can have different data marts – using different design
8. No uniformity in data mart
9. Data mart source can be a data warehouse, data mart or OLTP (Online
transaction processing)
Types of data marts 61

1. Multidimensional database data
mart
2. Relational OLAP
62

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MSM-MBA 2020 Even Semester

UNIT 3: DATA BASE

DBMS (Database Management System)

MSM-MBA 2020 Even Semester

2. HDMBS (Hierarchy based Data base management system)

3. NDBMS (Network Database management system)

4. RDBMS (Relational Database Management System)

8. Data Warehousing and data mart

 A data element or field – logical collection of

MSM-MBA 2020 Even Semester

MSM-MBA 2020 Even Semester

1. Sequential file structure – one way to store

MSM-MBA 2020 Even Semester

randomly – allows direct access to data in

storage devices. Easy and direct retrieval.

But sometimes multiple storage slows down

MSM-MBA 2020 Even Semester

 Index is maintained as records are added to the file

 This method is called “Indexed sequential access method”

 But indexed files require maintenance of the indexes.

 The system lead to slow performance where direct access

MSM-MBA 2020 Even Semester

1. Adding new record to a file

2. Deleting records from a file

3. Modifying records in a file

4. Viewing records in a file

5. Creating reports from records in a file

MSM-MBA 2020 Even Semester

and identifying stored data.

 Secondary key used that have secondary

indexes called “Inverted Keys”.

MSM-MBA 2020 Even Semester

when the search of records called “Linked

 The method use to store records, affect the

MSM-MBA 2020 Even Semester

MSM-MBA 2020 Even Semester

Data independence – the lack of data independence –

Data redundancy – single record type file systems

Data consistency – update of data in file may not ensure

MSM-MBA 2020 Even Semester

1. Store data in a uniform and consistent way

2. Organizes data into records in a uniform and

3. Allows access to the data in a uniform and consistent

DBMS retrieves data from databases and provides them to

MSM-MBA 2020 Even Semester

MSM-MBA 2020 Even Semester

Contains the names and description of every data

(e.g.) Data element name: “STOCKNUM” description:

MSM-MBA 2020 Even Semester

Description Language” (DDL) – describe

the characteristics of the data element

(e.g.) command language –

MSM-MBA 2020 Even Semester

manages communication between the database

and remote terminals.

(e.g.) customer orders processed in branch or store

and sent to the database located in Headquarters

MSM-MBA 2020 Even Semester

programmers develop application programs

that use the database

(e.g.) CASE tools (Computer Aided Software

MSM-MBA 2020 Even Semester