Plant Classification

PLANT TAXONOMY
Classifications on Plants
Laguna State Polytechnic University | BOT 1 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Plant Classification.
• In order to study the billions of different organisms living on Earth,
scientists have sorted and classified them based on their similarities
and differences.
• This system of classification is also called taxonomy and usually
features both English and Latin names for different divisions.

Importance of Naming
• It is always best to specify the exact plant you want by the
scientific name.
• It is also important for people in the commercial plant and
nursery business to know both scientific and common names
as they become confusing.

Question
• Why does organisms, including plants need to be
name, identify and classify? Why is it important?

Botanical Nomenclature
Botanical Nomenclature - orderly classification and naming of
plants
Importance of giving Botanical names
- Universality of botanical names
-Precision
Taxonomy - The branch of botany that deals with naming of
organisms.
Taxonomist
Binomial Naming System
• Derived from a Genus and a specific epithet
• Genus will most likely the last name
• species the first name
• Species is more of an adjective to describe an organism
Example is the marigold.

Tagetes patula - thumbnail size blossoms
Tagetes erecta - tall with fist size blossoms

Plant Naming
• New plants, mutations or breed from existing species are being
developed constantly. To distinguish them from parent plants, a third
part called variety or cultivars is added to the scientific name.

Variety
• Variety - A type of species with inheritable differences from straight
species
-Sub grouping of species assigned to individuals displaying unique
differences in natural populations.
-Naturally breed from seed
Ex. Capsicum chinense / C. name: Habanero Pepper

Variety
• written in lowercase and italicized or underlined
• Ex. Pinus contorta var. contorta (Short pines)
• Ex. Pinus contorta var. latifolia (Long Pines)

Cultivars
• Cultivar - Asexually cloned or by controlled sexual crossing of breeding
lines.
• Man made.
• written in plain text, capitalized and set off by single quotes
• Example: Viburnum opulus cv. Roseum

Hybrid names
• two closely related but distinct species will be interbreed to form a
hybrid
• are often sterile and produce no seed or fruit
• written in lowercase and italicized or underlined
• an “x” is placed between the genus and hybrid epithet
Platanus occidentalis crossed
with Platanus orientalis
Plantanus x acerifolia
Theophrastus 370-285 B.C.
• He was a Greek philosopher and
naturalist and is often called the
"Father of Botany."
• He was a pupil of Aristotle and
was the first person to publish a
classification of plants.
• Classified plants based on form
• Herbs, shrubs, trees
• Annuals, perennials,
biennials
Herbs, Shrubs and Trees

Herbs
• have non-woody, soft stems (herbaceous)
• can be annual, biennial, or perennials.
• dies to the ground each winter.
• have a variety of uses including culinary, medicinal, aromatic and in
some cases, spiritual.

Shrubs
• have woody stems. These stems are thick but not hard.
• are mainly perennials.
Trees
• have woody stems. These stems are hard, thick, and brown in colour.
• Trees are perennials.

Annuals
• complete their life cycle of germination from seed, growing,
flowering, fruiting and dying within a single season of growth.
• Ex. marigold, calendula, cosmos, geranium, petunia, sweet alyssum,
snap dragon, begonia, zinnia.
Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Perennials
• typically flower annually once established and may live for several to a
great number of years.

Biennials
• require two seasons to complete their life cycle.
• In the first season, foliage production and storage of food reserves
takes place followed by flowering, seed production and death in the
next.

Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778
• Linnaeus was the first person to
propose an orderly system for
classifying organisms.
• He developed the Binomial
System of Naming Plants in 1753
• Bi= 2
• Nomial= name

• All plants have a scientific name composed of two Latin names
known as a Genus and specie (or specific epithet)
• His system is still used today and his called the Father of Taxonomy!

Plant Classification
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

• Domain: Eukaryota
• Kingdom: Plantae
• Cell type: eukaryotic
• Cell number: multicellular
• Feeding: autotrophic (photosynthesis)
• Reproduction: sexual (seeds) and asexual

• Plants evolved from green algae (protists) charophytes
• They are first classified as
• Nonvascular – short plants with no transport tissue (like veins),
e.g. moss
• Vascular – taller plants with veins, e.g. trees
• Xylem – veins for water
• Phloem – veins for food

Plant Kingdom
• All plants are included in one Kingdom (Plantae) which is then broken
down into smaller and smaller divisions based on several
characteristics, including:
• Whether they can circulate fluids (like rainwater) through their
bodies or need to absorb them from the moisture that surrounds
them
• How they reproduce (by spores or different kinds of seeds)
• Their size or stature.

Phylum
• Plants are divided in this category based on:
• whether or not the plant bears or produces seeds.
• Vascular or Non-Vascular plants

Nonvascular Plants
Fewer than 19,000 species

• Three groups
• Liverworts (Hepatophyta)
• Hornworts (Anthocerophyta)
• Mosses (Bryophyta)

Vascular Plants
• Majority of plants
• Have internal tissues that carry water and solutes
• Two groups
– Seedless vascular plants
– Seed-bearing vascular plants

Class
• Plants are divided into two types of classes
• Angiospermae (angiosperms)- plants which produce flowers
• Gymnospermae (gymnosperms)- plants which don’t produce
flowers
• Subclass
• Dicotyledonae (dicotyledons/dicots)– plants with two seed leaves
• Monocotyledonae (monocotyledons/monocot)- plants with one
seed leaf

Order
• A group of related plant families, classified in the order in which
they are thought to have developed their differences from a
common ancestor.
• Vegetative Structures
• Reproductive Structures
•Names of orders end in -ales

Family
• Each order is divided into families
• These are plants with many botanical features in common.
• Vegetative and Reproductive Structures used.
• Related plants with similar flower parts are grouped together.
• The Rose Family, Rosaceae, consists of plums, apples, strawberries
because they all have similar flower structures.
• The names of families end in –aceae

Genus
• This is the part of the plant name that is most familiar, the normal
name that you give a plant- Papaver (Poppy).
• This is the plants group name
• All plants having the same generic name are said to belong to the
same Genus and have similar characteristics and are closely
related.
• The name of the Genus should be written with a capital letter.

Examples of plant Genus
• Acer- all maples
• Pinus- all pines
• Ilex- all hollies
• Quercus- all oaks
• Begonia- all begonias
• Rhododendron- all azaleas
• Juniperus- all junipers
• Viola- all violet types
** Think of the plant Genus name as a noun!

Species
• This is the highest level that defines an individual plant.
• Often, the name will describe some aspect of the plant. The color
of the flowers, size or shape of the leaves, or it may be named
after the place where it was found.
• Together the Genus and species name refer to only one plant, and
they are used to identify that particular plant.
• The specie name is an adjective that describes the genus.
*Alba means white: Quercus alba= white oak
*Rubrum means red: Acer rubrum= red maple
• The name of the species should be written after the Genus name,
in small letters, with no capital letter.
Examples of species and Genus
• Acer rubrum= Red maple
• Acer saccharum= Sugar maple
• Acer palmatum= Japanese maple
• Quercus palustris= Pin oak
• Quercus virginiana= Live oak
Specific names give geographical information:
• Pinus virginia- Virginia Pine
• Taxes canadensis= Canadian Yew
• Tsuga caroliniana= Carolina Hemlock
Example of Classification
Common Name: Corn Plant
Scientific name: Zea mays

Setting the Stage for Plants
• Earth’s atmosphere was originally oxygen free
• Ultraviolet radiation bombarded the surface
• Photosynthetic cells (Plant like protist) produced oxygen and allowed
formation of a protective ozone layer

Invading the Land
• Cyanobacteria were probably the first to spread into and up
freshwater streams
• Later, green algae and fungi made the journey together
• Every plant is descended from species of green algae (Charophytes)

The Plant Kingdom
• Nearly all are multicelled

• Vast majority are photoautotrophs
– Energy from sun
– Carbon dioxide from air
– Minerals dissolved in water

Evolutionary Tree for Plants
green
algae bryophytes horsetails cycads ginkgos conifers gametophytes
zygophytes,
related ferns
groups lycophytes flowering
plants
charophytes
seed plants
euphyllophytes
embryophytes (land plants)
vascular plants
(closely related groups)

Nonvascular Plants
• common name for 3 distinct lineage of plants that lacks vascular
tissue. Fewer than 19,000 species
• Three groups
• Liverworts
• Hornworts
• Mosses

Bryophytes
• The first bryophytes faced many problems when they moved to land.
• They retain some characteristics of their algal ancestors
What could be those problems?

Problems encountered
• 1. Desiccation
• 2. Dispersing of spores
• 3. Weather changes and exposure to solar radiation.

Hypotheses on the origin of land plants
1. Land plants evolved once from a single algal ancestors
(charophytes)
2. First land plants were bryophytes and appear 475m years
ago
3. The first land plant were divided into 3 different lineages
4. Each of these three living bryophyte lineages is
monophyletic.

Bryophytes characteristics
-some have flat ribbon like bodies called thalli (Thallus: Singular)
-have specialized root like structure called rhizoids
-shares common ancestry with ancient charophyte algae
-hornworts considered the earliest among the 3 lineage (said to believe
exist 475M years ago during ordovician period)

Basic parts of a Bryophyte
Dependent stage
Predominant stage

Bryophytes Life Cycle
• Both Meiosis and Mitosis are included
• There is a predominant stage (Gametophytes, haploid)
• Fertilization gave rise to embryo (Diploid)
• Attaching to surfaces has two stages
• Protonema
• Leafy stage (Thallus)
• During the leafy stage, sexes can now be determined

Life cycle
• In Bryophytes, the gametophyte is the predominant generation
Gametophyte generation includes
a. Germination of spores into a protonema
b. Production of buds and growth of the leafy plant
c. Production of male and female gametes
Sporophyte generation includes
d. Fertilization of the egg
e. Development of the Fertilized egg
f. Formation of spores inside the capsule and their release
• Male Gametophyte – Antheridium
• Produces Antherozoid (Sperm like biflagellates)
• Female Gametophyte – Archegonia

Economic and Ecological Importance
• Sphagnum, a large genus of peat mosses are frequently added into
soil to increase its water capacity.
• Serves as wound dressing during World War I due to its sterile and
acidic nature.
• Can be used for heating
Ecological Importance
• Their small bodies traps dust
• Some can create a stabilize soil crust in deserts.
• Some harbors symbiotic relationships with beneficial bacteria
Vascular Plants
• Majority of plants
• Have internal tissues that carry water and solutes
• Two groups
– Seedless vascular plants
– Seed-bearing vascular plants

• Early tracheophytes were leafless and rootless stems, but
evolution was rapid during 40M year devonian period.
• Microphylls, Megaphylls, true roots, secondary growth,
wood and seeds all appeared for the first time in the
Devonian period.
• They predominated in the world's vegetation during much of
Paleozoic Era. Diversity of form peaked in the Carboniferous
period, 360 to 286M years ago.

• Calamites and Lepidodendron, related to modern horse tails
and club mosses were major forest trees during this period.
• Their fossil remains are mines today as coal.
• Other carboniferous plants included ferns and early seed
plants, the seed ferns.
• Many form of early tracheophytes were extinct by the end of
Paleozoic

Tracheophytes
• Also called vascular plants
• Posses lignified vascular tissue
• Around 14,000 species were classified as spore bearing.
• Sporophytes are better at survival than the bryophytes
• Gametophytes however needs more wet habitat

Rhyniophytes
• Earliest Tracheophytes
• Currently extinct
• Proof of early endosymbiosis with
beneficial fungi
• This plant gave rise to all other land
plants, thus it is not monophyletic
• Lycophytes
• Rest of the Tracheophytes

Lycophytes
• Group of plants that diverged very early and currently
represented by three lineages.
• Lycopodium (Club mosses)
• Isoetes
• Selaginella (Spike mosses)
• Only found in North America.

Characteristics of most Club mosses
• Considered vascular
• Oldest Vascular plant (Fossils were 425 MYA, Silurian)
• Lycophytes have secondary growth during ancient times
• Has Dichotomous branching
• Bear small leaf predecessors called Microphylls
• Sporophytes are more predominant

Club mosses

Homospory
• Homosporous plants
• One spore size
• Bisexual gametophytes

Sporophyte and Gametophyte

Monilophytes (Ferns)
• Seedless tracheophytes
• Early Ferns were existed during Carboniferous period (360-
300MYA)
• Consist of 5 lineages
• Psilophytes (Whisk ferns)
• Leptosporangiate ferns (True Ferns)
• Marattoid Ferns
• Ophioglossalean Ferns
• Horsetails
Characteristics
• First to have true roots and stem
• Bears a larger leaf predecessors called Megaphylls
• They can be both Epiphytic and Epipetric.
• Typically herbaceous as of today
• Diploid sporophytes are more dominant
• Can self fertilize
• Also can grow using vegetative reproduction.

Ferns and Horsetails

Strobili
• Located near top of stem
• Spore-bearing leaves
• Sporophylls  Spores

Life Cycle of Monilophytes
• 1. A fern spore germinates which then will develop into a prothallus and
will anchored the soil by the help of rhizoids (true roots)
• 2. Antheridia and Archegonia will develop their respective sex cells.
• 3. When fertilized it develops into a young fern plant and then after
maturity it develops spore called a sorus (cluster of spores) and a spore
case called the sporangium.
• 4. Spores are then released after maturity then when meet the
requirement will allow the cycle to continue
Q. Can you specify the two generations in the life cycle of ferns?
Importance
• For ornamental purposes
• Provides an ecosystem
• Edible ferns as food source
• Some do have relationships with nitrogen fixing cyano bacteria
Ex. Azolla with the Anabaena azollae.

Spermatophytes

Gymnosperm
• First true seed bearing plants
• Means naked seed
• Ex. for this are the following polyphyletic groups
• Conifers
• Cycads
• Gingko
• Gnetophytes
• Gingko is said to believe to start dominating around 270 MYA

Origin of Gymnosperms
• Gymnosperms appeared in the Carboniferous Era
• Ancestral origin of Gymnosperms remain uncertain
• The gymnosperms became free from dependence on water
through the development of a process of internal fertilization
via the pollen grain and development of a seed.
• The seed contains the dormant embryo with a protective
seed coat and a supply of food.

Heterospory
• Heterosporous plants
• Two types of spores
• Megaspores
• Microspores

• They are heterosporous
• Microspores develops into a pollen which contains the male
gametophyte
• Megaspores develops into the female gametophyte.
• When mature this pollen grains are then released in the wind
currents into the female cone.

Representative species
• Gingkophyta
• Cycadophyta
• Coniferophyta
• Gnetophytha

Coniferophyta
• Largest and best known phylum which include pines and
other cone - bearing trees.
• Conifers have thick cuticles, needle like leaves and resin
ducts that reduce water loss.
• Important conifers include spruce, hemlocks, junipers, yews
and pines.
• They are the oldest non clonal organism on Earth
• Tallest and Largest trees are also under this phylum
• Taxol a chemotherapy drug is first isolated in yew trees
Cycadophyta and Ginkophyta
• Possesses a palm like appearance and found primarily in the
tropics
• Together with the Ginkos, they have a flagellated sperm
• Insects such as beetles and weevils may carry pollen grains
from one cycad to another, indicating that some insect can
help pollinating them.
• They have flat fan shape leaves.

Gnetophyta
• Composed of three distinct and unusual group of plants: Gnetums,
Wekwitschia and Ephedra.
• Recent studies indicate that Gnetum and Ephedra may have some
angiosperm like characteristics.

Microspores
• Grow into male gametophytes

Megaspores
• Grow into female gametophytes

Lifecycle of Gymnosperms

• Similarity is Cycad and Gingkos also have motile sperms.
• Evolutionary Advantage – long distance pollination.
Question: How is this evolutionary features give rise to the

different types of land plants we have now?

Economic and Ecological Importance
Ecological Importance
• They covered the forest on both low and high elevation
• Provide Ecosystem
• Conifer foliage when decompose is rich in organic acid
Economic Importance
• Source of lumber and paper
• Used by different civilization in building their empires
• Landscaping

Angiosperm
• All flowering plants are classified in this phylum.
• Unique characteristics of all angiosperms is the carpel which
surrounds the ovule.
• Double Fertilization
• Increase in the rapidity of the reproduction process.

Angiosperms
• Composed of male and female reproductive structures.
• Frequently surrounded by attractive leaf like structures
collectively known as the perianth.
• Main function of flower are:
1. Protect the developing gametes
2. To ensure pollination and fertilization
Why is it important to attract pollinators?

Origin of Angiosperm
• Dominated the Earth 65 MYA during the Cretaceous period.
• Flower evolution resulted in enormous advances on transfer
and reception of pollen.
• Co-evolution of these plants with their pollination agents
pave way for the high precision of fertilization and allows
cross breeding.
• Angiosperms evolve and become the most numerous,
widespread and most important plants on Earth.
• Angiosperms now occupy well over 90% of the vegetative
surface on Earth.
Special Features
These are the special features of a flower in order to attract
pollinators.
• Color and Scent
• Shape of the Flower
• Nectar and Pollen for the pollinators
• Some don’t have these features but still they are manage to
be successful.
Flower Anatomy
Two parts
• Stamen (Androecium)
• Anther
• Filament
• Pistil (Gynoecium)
• Stigma
• Style
• Ovary

Flower classification
1. In terms of organs they have
• A flower with 4 sets of organs are called Complete flowers
• A flower that lacks any of these organs are Incomplete flowers
2. In terms of reproductive organs present
• A flower that has both essential part is called Perfect flowers
• A flower that contains only one is called Imperfect flowers
3. In terms of shape and size of petals
• Petals are on the same size are called Regular flowers
• Petals that are not on the same size are called Irregular flowers
Floral Parts
• Pedicel: Stalk that supports the flower
• Receptacle: Tip of the pedicel where the flower is attach
• Sepal: Green or brown colored outer whorl of bracts
• Calyx: All the sepals collectively
• Petal: Colored whorl of bracts
• Corolla: All the petals
• Perianth: Both Calyx and the Corolla collectively

Reproductive parts
Male
Stamen - Pollen bearing structure, composed of filament and anther
• Filament: Stalk that supports the anther
• Anther: Pollen producing structure
Female
Carpel/Pistil – Female reproductive organ
• Stigma: Receptive tip, often stick or hairy where pollen is placed
• Style: Tissue connecting the stigma to ovary
• Ovary: Base of carpel, protects the ovule
Relationship
Angiosperms are pollinated in some ways
• Wind (Inconspicuous flowers)
• Some are generalist
• Some are co-evolved with their pollinators

Pollination Examples
• 1. Flowers with Inconspicuous Perianth – Wind
• 2. Sepals and Petals with strong, heavy and sweet scent – Insect
• 3. Odor is strong and fruit like – animals (bats)
• 4. Odor is foul – fly
• 5. Flowers are not tubular – bees
• 6. Flower shape is regular with fruity, spicy sweet scent – beetles
• 7. Flowers are tubular – either butterfly or humingbirds

Life cycle of Angiosperms
Plants flower according to season and what we called “Photoperiod”.
• Flowering plants’ photoperiod requirements are the ff
a. Long day plants flower when days are longer
b. Short day plants flower when the days are shorter
c. Day neutral plants flower at any season
• Aside from the photoperiod requirement, flowering is also associated
with temperature.
• Plants sense the change in day length by the help of Phytochromes.

Double Fertilization

Fruit Anatomy
• The fruit is develop from the
ovary. It provides protection for
the seed.
• Fruit is divided into two parts the
Seed and the Pericarp
• Seed part is composed of the
Endosperm, Embryo and the seed
coat
• Pericarp is composed of the
Endocarp, Mesocarp and Exocarp.
Types of Fruits
Simple Fruits – They develop from one ovary of a flower
1. Fleshy fruits - They have a thick and soft pericarp.
a. Berry – Pericarp is mostly fresh with only two distinct regions, the outer
rind and inner fused mesocarp and endocarp. Ex. Are Rambutan and
Tomatoes
b. Drupe – W/ soft exocarp and mesocarp with hard endocarp. Ex. Mango
and Coconut.
c. Hesperidium – w/ soft pericarp and Endocarp is modified into juice sacs Ex.
Pomelo, Oranges, Kalamansi
d. Pepo – w/hard exocarp and a soft mesocarp and endocarp. Ex. Ampalaya,
Papaya, Watermelon
• 2. Dry Fruits – They have thin and hard pericarp
Dehiscent – Fruits that opens at maturity
a. Legume – This fruit has a single row of seeds and opens along two
sutures. Ex. Peanuts, Ipil-ipil, beans
b. Capsule – This fruit has two or more rows of seed and opens through
pores. Ex. Banana and Atsuete
Indehiscent – Remains closed at maturity
c. Grain – One seeded fruit whose pericarp is fused with the seed coat.
Ex. Wheat, Oat, Rice and Barley.
d. Samara – Winged fruits. Ex. Narra

• 3. Aggregate fruits – They develop from several ovaries of one flower
held by one receptacle. Ex. Atis and Guyabano
• 4. Multiple Fruits – They developed from several ovaries of several
flowers in an inflorescence. Ex. Pineapple
• 5. Accesory Fruit – They consist of one or more matured ovaries, the
edible part of which may include accessory parts of the flower such as
the receptacle or the peduncle. Ex. Apple

Economic and Ecologic Importance
• Food source
• Shelter and Ecosystem
• Maintain the Carbon Dioxide in the air
• Supply sufficient oxygen
• Source of Medicine
• Building Necessities

Plant Classification

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PLANT TAXONOMY

Laguna State Polytechnic University | BOT 1 | Prepared by J. Comendador

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Laguna State Polytechnic University | BOT 1 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Example is the marigold.

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Laguna State Polytechnic University | BOT 1 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | BOT 1 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | BOT 1 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | BOT 1 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | BOT 1 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | BOT 1 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | BOT 1 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | BOT 1 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

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Fewer than 19,000 species

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Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | BOT 1 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

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• Nearly all are multicelled

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(closely related groups)

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What could be those problems?

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador

Laguna State Polytechnic University | NS ELEC 4 | Prepared by J. Comendador