TRANSPORTATION

INTRODUCTION
• How do we get energy?
• What happens to our ingested food?
• Brain cell will die within three minutes why?
• How the blood flow happens?
Events per day and hour - circulation
• Heart beats - 100,000 times every day
• 35 million beats in a year
• Sleeping heart pumps 30 times its own weight per minute, which
amounts 7,000 liter's of blood in a day.
• 10 million liters per year
Cardiology
• Study about heart and associated diseases
• Cardiologist – heart specialist.
Circulatory system of heart
• It comprises of
• Heart
• Blood
• Blood vessels
Blood
• Fluid connective tissue composed of plasma and blood corpuscles
• River of life
• Red in colour
• Alkaline in nature 7.3 to 7.5 pH
• Slaty taste
• Viscous and heavier than water (specific gravity 1.04 to 1.07)
• 20% of extracellular fluid
• 8% of the total body mass
Blood
• Volume of blood is 5 to 6 litres in averge sized male and 4 to 5 litres in
average seized female.
Blood function
• Fluid medium called plasma
• Where cells of blood are suspended
• Plasma transports food, carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes in
dissolved form
• Oxygen is carried by the RBC
RBC
• Red coloured pigment called haemoglobin
• Haem – heme : has a great affinity for oxygen.
• Haemoglobin is a conjugated protein : protein – globin and a non
protein group called haeme
• Heme is an iron porphyrin complex molecules.
• 280 million haemoglobin molecules.
• Normal range of haemoglobin in gm / dl. Adult man : 14 – 18 gm/dl
Blood
• Plasma (55%)– straw yellow in coloured
• Consists of proteins , carbohydrates and elements of blood
• Blood(45%) – formed elements (99% RBC, 1% WBC and platelets)
Human heart

• hollow

• Fibro - Muscular

• Conical or pyramidal

• Upper broad part , lower narrow part

• Protected by rib cage and membranous sac

• Human heart is four chambered heart.

Valves of the heart
• Eustachian valve – opening of inferior vena cava
• Thebasian or coronary valve – opening of coronary sinus
• Biscuspid
• Tricuspid
• Semilunar – three half moon shaped pockets
• Aortic valve
Control of heart beat
• Contraction – systole
• Relaxation – diastole
• The beat originates from the heart itself from a small mass of highly
specialized muscle tissue called pace maker or SAN
• It regulates the contraction of heart muscles and initiates heart beat.
• The main nervous regulating centre of the heart rate is located in
medulla oblongata of the brain.
Blood vessels
• Arteries
• Veins
• Capillaries
Arteries
• Thick walled
• Larger tubes
• Small lumen
• Deeply situated
Veins
• Thin walled
• Muscular(T.media ) and connective layers
(T.externa) are thin
• No nerve connections
• No inner elastic membranes
• Pressure is low
• The blood flow is maintained by inner
pockets valves
Capillaries
• Thin walled
• Inbetween the arteries and capillaries
• Single layer of endothelial cells
• More efficient exchange of materials because they have large surface
area
• No valves present
• Capillaries connect arterioles to venules – mixed blood